Package 'text'

Title: Analyses of Text using Transformers Models from HuggingFace, Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning
Description: Link R with Transformers from Hugging Face to transform text variables to word embeddings; where the word embeddings are used to statistically test the mean difference between set of texts, compute semantic similarity scores between texts, predict numerical variables, and visual statistically significant words according to various dimensions etc. For more information see <https://www.r-text.org>.
Authors: Oscar Kjell [aut, cre] , Salvatore Giorgi [aut] , Andrew Schwartz [aut]
Maintainer: Oscar Kjell <[email protected]>
License: GPL-3
Version: 1.3.0
Built: 2024-12-05 14:09:18 UTC
Source: CRAN

Help Index

Example data for plotting a Semantic Centrality Plot.

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 1 from Kjell, et al., 2016.

Usage

centrality_data_harmony

Format

A data frame with 2,146 and 4 variables:

words

unique words

n

overall word frequency

central_semantic_similarity

cosine semantic similarity to the aggregated word embedding

n_percent

frequency in percent

Source

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-015-0903-z

Data for plotting a Dot Product Projection Plot.

Description

Tibble is the output from textProjection. The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 3-5 from Kjell, Kjell, Garcia and Sikström 2018.

Usage

DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100

Format

A data frame with 583 rows and 12 variables:

words

unique words

dot.x

dot product projection on the x-axes

p_values_dot.x

p-value for the word in relation to the x-axes

n_g1.x

frequency of the word in group 1 on the x-axes variable

n_g2.x

frequency of the word in group 2 on the x-axes variable

dot.y

dot product projection on the y-axes

p_values_dot.y

p-value for the word in relation to the y-axes

n_g1.y

frequency of the word in group 1 on the y-axes variable

n_g2.y

frequency of the word in group 2 on the x-axes variable

n

overall word frequency

n.percent

frequency in percent

N_participant_responses

number of participants (as this is needed in the analyses)

Source

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/er6t7/

Example text and numeric data.

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 3-5 from Kjell, Kjell, Garcia and Sikström 2018.

Usage

Language_based_assessment_data_3_100

Format

A data frame with 100 rows and 4 variables:

harmonywords

Word responses from the harmony in life word question

hilstotal

total score of the Harmony In Life Scale

swlstotal

total score of the Satisfaction With Life Scale

Source

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/er6t7/

Text and numeric data for 10 participants.

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 3-5 from Kjell et al., (2018; https://psyarxiv.com/er6t7/).

Usage

Language_based_assessment_data_8

Format

A data frame with 40 participants and 8 variables:

harmonywords

descriptive words where respondents describe their harmony in life

satisfactionwords

descriptive words where respondents describe their satisfaction with life

harmonytexts

text where respondents describe their harmony in life

satisfactiontexts

text where respondents describe their satisfaction with life

hilstotal

total score of the Harmony In Life Scale

swlstotal

total score of the Satisfaction With Life Scale

age

respondents age in years

gender

respondents gender 1=male, 2=female

Source

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/er6t7/

Example data for plotting a Principle Component Projection Plot.

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 1 from Kjell, et al., 2016.

Usage

PC_projections_satisfactionwords_40

Format

A data frame.

words

unique words

n

overall word frequency

Dim_PC1

Principle component value for dimension 1

Dim_PC2

Principle component value for dimension 2

Source

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-015-0903-z

Word embeddings from textEmbedRawLayers function

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 3-5 from Kjell, Kjell, Garcia and Sikström 2018.

Usage

raw_embeddings_1

Format

A list with token-level word embeddings for harmony words.

tokens

words

layer_number

layer of the transformer model

Dim1:Dim8

Word embeddings dimensions

Source

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/er6t7/

Semantic similarity score between single words' and an aggregated word embeddings

Description

textCentrality() computes semantic similarity score between single words' word embeddings and the aggregated word embedding of all words.

Usage

textCentrality(
  words,
  word_embeddings,
  word_types_embeddings = word_types_embeddings_df,
  method = "cosine",
  aggregation = "mean",
  min_freq_words_test = 0
)

Arguments

words

(character) Word or text variable to be plotted.
word_embeddings

Word embeddings from textEmbed for the words to be plotted (i.e., the aggregated word embeddings for the "words" variable).
word_types_embeddings

Word embeddings from textEmbed for individual words (i.e., the decontextualized word embeddings).
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed. Default is "cosine" (see also "spearmen", "pearson" as well as measures from textDistance() (which here is computed as 1 - textDistance) including "euclidean", "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski").
aggregation

(character) Method to aggregate the word embeddings (default = "mean"; see also "min", "max" or "[CLS]").
min_freq_words_test

(numeric) Option to select words that have at least occurred a specified number of times (default = 0); when creating the semantic similarity scores.

Value

A dataframe with variables (e.g., including semantic similarity, frequencies) for the individual words that are used as input for the plotting in the textCentralityPlot function.

See Also

See textCentralityPlot and textProjection.

Examples

# Computes the semantic similarity between the individual word embeddings (Iwe)
# in the "harmonywords" column of the pre-installed dataset: Language_based_assessment_data_8,
# and the aggregated word embedding (Awe).
# The Awe can be interpreted the latent meaning of the text.

## Not run: 
df_for_plotting <- textCentrality(
  words = Language_based_assessment_data_8["harmonywords"],
  word_embeddings = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonywords,
  word_types_embeddings = word_embeddings_4$word_types
)

# df_for_plotting contain variables (e.g., semantic similarity, frequencies) for
# the individual words that are used for plotting by the textCentralityPlot function.

## End(Not run)

Plots words from textCentrality()

Description

textCentralityPlot() plots words according to semantic similarity to the aggregated word embedding.

Usage

textCentralityPlot(
  word_data,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 10,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 10,
  plot_n_words_middle = 10,
  titles_color = "#61605e",
  x_axes = "central_semantic_similarity",
  title_top = "Semantic Centrality Plot",
  x_axes_label = "Semantic Centrality",
  scale_x_axes_lim = NULL,
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL,
  word_font = NULL,
  centrality_color_codes = c("#EAEAEA", "#85DB8E", "#398CF9", "#9e9d9d"),
  word_size_range = c(3, 8),
  position_jitter_hight = 0,
  position_jitter_width = 0.03,
  point_size = 0.5,
  arrow_transparency = 0.1,
  points_without_words_size = 0.5,
  points_without_words_alpha = 0.5,
  legend_title = "SC",
  legend_x_axes_label = "x",
  legend_x_position = 0.02,
  legend_y_position = 0.02,
  legend_h_size = 0.2,
  legend_w_size = 0.2,
  legend_title_size = 7,
  legend_number_size = 2,
  seed = 1007
)

Arguments

word_data

Tibble from the textPlot function.
min_freq_words_test

Select words to significance test that have occurred at least min_freq_words_test (default = 1).
plot_n_word_extreme

Number of words per dimension to plot with extreme Supervised Dimension Projection value (default = 10). (i.e., even if not significant; duplicates are removed).
plot_n_word_frequency

Number of words to plot according to their frequency (default = 10). (i.e., even if not significant).
plot_n_words_middle

Number of words to plot that are in the middle in Supervised Dimension Projection score (default = 10). (i.e., even if not significant; duplicates are removed).
titles_color

Color for all the titles (default: "#61605e").
x_axes

Variable to be plotted on the x-axes (default: "central_semantic_similarity", could also select "n", "n_percent").
title_top

Title (default: " ").
x_axes_label

Label on the x-axes (default: "Semantic Centrality").
scale_x_axes_lim

Length of the x-axes (default: NULL, which uses c(min(word_data$central_semantic_similarity)-0.05, max(word_data$central_semantic_similarity)+0.05); change this by e.g., try c(-5, 5)).
scale_y_axes_lim

Length of the y-axes (default: NULL, which uses c(-1, 1); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
word_font

Type of font (default: NULL).
centrality_color_codes

(HTML color codes. type = character) Colors of the words selected as plot_n_word_extreme (minimum values), plot_n_words_middle, plot_n_word_extreme (maximum values) and plot_n_word_frequency; the default is c("#EAEAEA", "#85DB8E", "#398CF9", "#9e9d9d", respectively.
word_size_range

Vector with minimum and maximum font size (default: c(3, 8)).
position_jitter_hight

Jitter height (default: .0).
position_jitter_width

Jitter width (default: .03).
point_size

Size of the points indicating the words' position (default: 0.5).
arrow_transparency

Transparency of the lines between each word and point (default: 0.1).
points_without_words_size

Size of the points not linked to a word (default is to not show the point; , i.e., 0).
points_without_words_alpha

Transparency of the points that are not linked to a word (default is to not show it; i.e., 0).
legend_title

Title of the color legend (default: "SCP").
legend_x_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "x").
legend_x_position

Position on the x coordinates of the color legend (default = 0.02).
legend_y_position

Position on the y coordinates of the color legend (default = 0.05).
legend_h_size

Height of the color legend (default = 0.15).
legend_w_size

Width of the color legend (default = 0.15).
legend_title_size

Font size of the title (default = 7).
legend_number_size

Font size of the values in the legend (default = 2).
seed

Set different seed (default = 1007).

Value

A 1-dimensional word plot based on similarity to the aggregated word embedding, as well as tibble with processed data used to plot.

See Also

See textCentrality and textProjection.

Examples

# Plot a centrality plot from the dataframe df_for_plotting
# that is returned by the textCentrality function.
## Not run: 
textCentralityPlot(
  df_for_plotting,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 10,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 10,
  plot_n_words_middle = 10,
  titles_color = "#61605e",
  x_axes = "central_semantic_similarity",
  title_top = "Semantic Centrality Plot",
  x_axes_label = "Semantic Centrality",
  scale_x_axes_lim = NULL,
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL,
  word_font = NULL,
  centrality_color_codes = c("#EAEAEA", "#85DB8E", "#398CF9", "#9e9d9d"),
  word_size_range = c(3, 8),
  position_jitter_hight = 0,
  position_jitter_width = 0.03,
  point_size = 0.5,
  arrow_transparency = 0.1,
  points_without_words_size = 0.5,
  points_without_words_alpha = 0.5,
  legend_title = "SC",
  legend_x_axes_label = "x",
  legend_x_position = 0.02,
  legend_y_position = 0.02,
  legend_h_size = 0.2,
  legend_w_size = 0.2,
  legend_title_size = 7,
  legend_number_size = 2,
  seed = 1007
)

## End(Not run)

Cleans text from standard personal information

Description

The text is being cleaned from information that may identify them; however, note that this is not a guarantee for anonymization.

Usage

textClean(
  text,
  replace = TRUE,
  date = TRUE,
  time = TRUE,
  phone = TRUE,
  email = TRUE,
  ip = TRUE,
  money = TRUE,
  creditcard = TRUE,
  bitcoin = TRUE,
  location = TRUE,
  ssn = TRUE,
  at_symbol = TRUE,
  url = TRUE
)

Arguments

text

(character) The text to be cleaned.
replace

(boolean)
date

(boolean)
time

(boolean)
phone

(boolean)
email

(boolean)
ip

(boolean)
money

(boolean)
creditcard

(boolean)
bitcoin

(boolean)
location

(boolean)
ssn

(boolean)
at_symbol

(boolean)
url

(boolean)

Value

Text cleaned from typical personal identifiable information

Clean non-ASCII characters

Description

textCleanNonASCII() cleans all text entries with a non-ASCII character in a tibble.

Usage

textCleanNonASCII(data_tibble)

Arguments

data_tibble

A tibble with character variables.

Value

a tibble with removed ascii characters

Compute descriptive statistics of character variables.

Description

Compute descriptive statistics of character variables.

Usage

textDescriptives(
  words,
  compute_total = TRUE,
  entropy_unit = "log2",
  na.rm = TRUE,
  locale = "en_US"
)

Arguments

words

One or several character variables; if its a tibble or dataframe, all the character variables will be selected.
compute_total

Boolean. If the input (words) is a tibble/dataframe with several character variables, a total variable is computed.
entropy_unit

The unit entropy is measured in. The default is to used bits (i.e., log2; see also, "log", "log10"). If a total score for several varaibles is computed,the text columns are combined using the dplyr unite function. For more information about the entropy see the entropy package and specifically its entropy.plugin function.
na.rm

Option to remove NAs when computing mean, median etc (see under return).
locale

(character string) Locale Identifiers for example in US-English ('en_US') and Australian-English ('en_AU'); see help(about_locale) in the stringi package

Value

A tibble with descriptive statistics, including variable = the variable names of input "words"; w_total = total number of words in the variable; w_mean = mean number of words in each row of the variable; w_median = median number of words in each row of the variable; w_range_min = smallest number of words of all rows; w_range_max = largest number of words of all rows; w_sd = the standard deviation of the number of words of all rows; unique_tokens = the unique number of tokens (using the word_tokenize function from python package nltk) n_token = number of tokens in the variable (using the word_tokenize function from python package nltk) entropy = the entropy of the variable. It is computed as the Shannon entropy H of a discrete random variable from the specified bin frequencies. (see library entropy and specifically the entropy.plugin function)

See Also

see textEmbed

Examples

## Not run: 
textDescriptives(Language_based_assessment_data_8[1:2])

## End(Not run)

Change dimension names

Description

textDimName() changes the names of the dimensions in the word embeddings.

Usage

textDimName(word_embeddings, dim_names = TRUE)

Arguments

word_embeddings

List of word embeddings
dim_names

(boolean) If TRUE the word embedding name will be attached to the name of each dimension; is FALSE, the attached part of the name will be removed.

Value

Word embeddings with changed names.

See Also

see textEmbed

Examples

# Note that dimensions are called Dim1_harmonytexts etc.
word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytexts
# Here they are changed to just Dim
w_e_T <- textDimName(word_embeddings_4$texts["harmonytexts"],
  dim_names = FALSE
)
# Here they are changed back
w_e_F <- textDimName(w_e_T, dim_names = TRUE)

Semantic distance

Description

textDistance() computes the semantic distance between two text variables.

Usage

textDistance(x, y, method = "euclidean", center = FALSE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings (from textEmbed()).
y

Word embeddings (from textEmbed()).
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed; default is "euclidean" (see also measures from stats:dist() including "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski". It is also possible to use "cosine", which computes the cosine distance (i.e., 1 - cosine(x, y)).
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the embedding mean (omitting NAs) of x from each of its dimension, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) embedding dimensions by the standard deviation of the embedding if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A vector comprising semantic distance scores.

See Also

See textSimilarity and textSimilarityNorm.

Examples

# Compute the semantic distance score between the embeddings
# from "harmonytext" and "satisfactiontext".

## Not run: 
distance_scores <- textDistance(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext,
  y = word_embeddings_4$texts$satisfactiontext
)

# Show information about how distance_scores were constructed.

comment(distance_scores)

## End(Not run)

Semantic distance across multiple word embeddings

Description

textDistanceMatrix() computes semantic distance scores between all combinations in a word embedding

Usage

textDistanceMatrix(x, method = "euclidean", center = FALSE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings (from textEmbed()).
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed; default is "euclidean" (see also measures from stats:dist() including "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski". It is also possible to use "cosine", which computes the cosine distance (i.e., 1 - cosine(x, y)).
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the embedding mean (omitting NAs) of x from each of its dimension, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) embedding dimensions by the standard deviation of the embedding if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A matrix of semantic distance scores

See Also

see textDistanceNorm

Examples

distance_scores <- textDistanceMatrix(word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext[1:3, ])
round(distance_scores, 3)

Semantic distance between a text variable and a word norm

Description

textDistanceNorm() computes the semantic distance between a text variable and a word norm (i.e., a text represented by one word embedding that represent a construct/concept).

Usage

textDistanceNorm(x, y, method = "euclidean", center = FALSE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings (from textEmbed()).
y

Word embedding from textEmbed (from only one text).
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed; default is "euclidean" (see also measures from stats:dist() including "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski". It is also possible to use "cosine", which computes the cosine distance (i.e., 1 - cosine(x, y)).
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the embedding mean (omitting NAs) of x from each of its dimension, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) embedding dimensions by the standard deviation of the embedding if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A vector comprising semantic distance scores.

See Also

see textDistance

Examples

## Not run: 
library(dplyr)
library(tibble)
harmonynorm <- c("harmony peace ")
satisfactionnorm <- c("satisfaction achievement")

norms <- tibble::tibble(harmonynorm, satisfactionnorm)
word_embeddings <- word_embeddings_4$texts
word_embeddings_wordnorm <- textEmbed(norms)
similarity_scores <- textDistanceNorm(
  word_embeddings$harmonytext,
  word_embeddings_wordnorm$harmonynorm
)

## End(Not run)

Compare two language domains

Description

Compare two language domains

Usage

textDomainCompare(train_language, assess_language)

Arguments

train_language

A word-frequency data frame from textTokenizeAndCount
assess_language

A word-frequency data frame from textTokenizeAndCount

Value

List with similarity scores: overlapp_percentage, test_recall_percentage and cosine_similarity

See Also

see textTokenizeAndCount

Examples

## Not run: 
train_language <- textTokenizeAndCount(Language_based_assessment_data_8["harmonytexts"])
assess_language <- textTokenizeAndCount(Language_based_assessment_data_8["satisfactiontexts"])
textDomainCompare(train_language, assess_language)

## End(Not run)

Embed text

Description

textEmbed() extracts layers and aggregate them to word embeddings, for all character variables in a given dataframe.

Usage

textEmbed(
  texts,
  model = "bert-base-uncased",
  layers = -2,
  dim_name = TRUE,
  aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens = "concatenate",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_word_types = NULL,
  keep_token_embeddings = TRUE,
  remove_non_ascii = TRUE,
  tokens_select = NULL,
  tokens_deselect = NULL,
  decontextualize = FALSE,
  model_max_length = NULL,
  max_token_to_sentence = 4,
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  device = "cpu",
  hg_gated = FALSE,
  hg_token = Sys.getenv("HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN", unset = ""),
  logging_level = "error",
  ...
)

Arguments

texts

A character variable or a tibble/dataframe with at least one character variable.
model

Character string specifying pre-trained language model (default 'bert-base-uncased'). For full list of options see pretrained models at HuggingFace. For example use "bert-base-multilingual-cased", "openai-gpt", "gpt2", "ctrl", "transfo-xl-wt103", "xlnet-base-cased", "xlm-mlm-enfr-1024", "distilbert-base-cased", "roberta-base", or "xlm-roberta-base". Only load models that you trust from HuggingFace; loading a malicious model can execute arbitrary code on your computer).
layers

(string or numeric) Specify the layers that should be extracted (default -2 which give the second to last layer). It is more efficient to only extract the layers that you need (e.g., 11). You can also extract several (e.g., 11:12), or all by setting this parameter to "all". Layer 0 is the decontextualized input layer (i.e., not comprising hidden states) and thus should normally not be used. These layers can then be aggregated in the textEmbedLayerAggregation function.
dim_name

(boolean) If TRUE append the variable name after all variable-names in the output. (This differentiates between word embedding dimension names; e.g., Dim1_text_variable_name). see textDimName to change names back and forth.
aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens

(string) Aggregated layers of each token. Method to aggregate the contextualized layers (e.g., "mean", "min" or "max, which takes the minimum, maximum or mean, respectively, across each column; or "concatenate", which links together each word embedding layer to one long row.
aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts

(string) Method to carry out the aggregation among the word embeddings for the words/tokens, including "min", "max" and "mean" which takes the minimum, maximum or mean across each column; or "concatenate", which links together each layer of the word embedding to one long row (default = "mean"). If set to NULL, embeddings are not aggregated.
aggregation_from_tokens_to_word_types

(string) Aggregates to the word type (i.e., the individual words) rather than texts. If set to "individually", then duplicate words are not aggregated, (i.e, the context of individual is preserved). (default = NULL).
keep_token_embeddings

(boolean) Whether to also keep token embeddings when using texts or word types aggregation.
remove_non_ascii

(bolean) TRUE warns and removes non-ascii (using textFindNonASCII()).
tokens_select

Option to select word embeddings linked to specific tokens such as [CLS] and [SEP] for the context embeddings.
tokens_deselect

Option to deselect embeddings linked to specific tokens such as [CLS] and [SEP] for the context embeddings.
decontextualize

(boolean) Provide word embeddings of single words as input to the model (these embeddings are, e.g., used for plotting; default is to use ). If using this, then set single_context_embeddings to FALSE.
model_max_length

The maximum length (in number of tokens) for the inputs to the transformer model (default the value stored for the associated model).
max_token_to_sentence

(numeric) Maximum number of tokens in a string to handle before switching to embedding text sentence by sentence.
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism. Default FALSE.
device

Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', 'gpu:k' or 'mps'/'mps:k' for MacOS, where k is a specific device number such as 'mps:1'.
hg_gated

Set to TRUE if the accessed model is gated.
hg_token

The token needed to access the gated model. Create a token from the ['Settings' page](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens) of the Hugging Face website. An an environment variable HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN can be set to avoid the need to enter the token each time.
logging_level

Set the logging level. Default: "warning". Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
...

settings from textEmbedRawLayers().

Value

A tibble with tokens, a column for layer identifier and word embeddings. Note that layer 0 is the input embedding to the transformer.

See Also

See textEmbedLayerAggregation, textEmbedRawLayers and textDimName.

Examples

# Automatically transforms the characters in the example dataset:
# Language_based_assessment_data_8 (included in text-package), to embeddings.
## Not run: 
word_embeddings <- textEmbed(Language_based_assessment_data_8[1:2, 1:2],
  layers = 10:11,
  aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens = "concatenate",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_word_types = "mean"
)

# Show information about how the embeddings were constructed.
comment(word_embeddings$texts$satisfactiontexts)
comment(word_embeddings$word_types)
comment(word_embeddings$tokens$satisfactiontexts)

# See how the word embeddings are structured.
word_embeddings

# Save the word embeddings to avoid having to embed the text again.
saveRDS(word_embeddings, "word_embeddings.rds")

# Retrieve the saved word embeddings.
word_embeddings <- readRDS("word_embeddings.rds")

## End(Not run)

Aggregate layers

Description

textEmbedLayerAggregation selects and aggregates layers of hidden states to form a word embedding.

Usage

textEmbedLayerAggregation(
  word_embeddings_layers,
  layers = "all",
  aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens = "concatenate",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean",
  return_tokens = FALSE,
  tokens_select = NULL,
  tokens_deselect = NULL
)

Arguments

word_embeddings_layers

Layers returned by the textEmbedRawLayers function.
layers

(character or numeric) The numbers of the layers to be aggregated (e.g., c(11:12) to aggregate the eleventh and twelfth). Note that layer 0 is the input embedding to the transformer, and should normally not be used. Selecting 'all' thus removes layer 0 (default = "all")
aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens

(character) Method to carry out the aggregation among the layers for each word/token, including "min", "max" and "mean" which takes the minimum, maximum or mean across each column; or "concatenate", which links together each layer of the word embedding to one long row (default = "concatenate").
aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts

(character) Method to carry out the aggregation among the word embeddings for the words/tokens, including "min", "max" and "mean" which takes the minimum, maximum or mean across each column; or "concatenate", which links together each layer of the word embedding to one long row (default = "mean").
return_tokens

(boolean) If TRUE, provide the tokens used in the specified transformer model (default = FALSE).
tokens_select

(character) Option to only select embeddings linked to specific tokens in the textEmbedLayerAggregation() phase such as "[CLS]" and "[SEP]" (default NULL).
tokens_deselect

(character) Option to deselect embeddings linked to specific tokens in the textEmbedLayerAggregation() phase such as "[CLS]" and "[SEP]" (default NULL).

Value

A tibble with word embeddings. Note that layer 0 is the input embedding to the transformer, which is normally not used.

See Also

See textEmbedRawLayers and textEmbed.

Examples

# Aggregate the hidden states from textEmbedRawLayers
# to create a word embedding representing the entire text.
# This is achieved by concatenating layer 11 and 12.
## Not run: 
word_embedding <- textEmbedLayerAggregation(
  imf_embeddings_11_12$context_tokens,
  layers = 11:12,
  aggregation_from_layers_to_tokens = "concatenate",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean"
)

# Examine word_embedding
word_embedding

## End(Not run)

Extract layers of hidden states

Description

textEmbedRawLayers extracts layers of hidden states (word embeddings) for all character variables in a given dataframe.

Usage

textEmbedRawLayers(
  texts,
  model = "bert-base-uncased",
  layers = -2,
  return_tokens = TRUE,
  word_type_embeddings = FALSE,
  decontextualize = FALSE,
  keep_token_embeddings = TRUE,
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  model_max_length = NULL,
  max_token_to_sentence = 4,
  hg_gated = FALSE,
  hg_token = Sys.getenv("HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN", unset = ""),
  trust_remote_code = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  sort = TRUE
)

Arguments

texts

A character variable or a tibble with at least one character variable.
model

(character) Character string specifying pre-trained language model (default = 'bert-base-uncased'). For full list of options see pretrained models at HuggingFace. For example use "bert-base-multilingual-cased", "openai-gpt", "gpt2", "ctrl", "transfo-xl-wt103", "xlnet-base-cased", "xlm-mlm-enfr-1024", "distilbert-base-cased", "roberta-base", or "xlm-roberta-base". Only load models that you trust from HuggingFace; loading a malicious model can execute arbitrary code on your computer).
layers

(character or numeric) Specify the layers that should be extracted (default -2, which give the second to last layer). It is more efficient to only extract the layers that you need (e.g., 11). You can also extract several (e.g., 11:12), or all by setting this parameter to "all". Layer 0 is the decontextualized input layer (i.e., not comprising hidden states) and thus should normally not be used. These layers can then be aggregated in the textEmbedLayerAggregation function.
return_tokens

(boolean) If TRUE, provide the tokens used in the specified transformer model. (default = TRUE)
word_type_embeddings

(boolean) Wether to provide embeddings for each word/token type. (default = FALSE)
decontextualize

(boolean) Wether to dectonextualise embeddings (i.e., embedding one word at a time). (default = TRUE)
keep_token_embeddings

(boolean) Whether to keep token level embeddings in the output (when using word_types aggregation). (default= TRUE)
device

(character) Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', 'gpu:k' or 'mps'/'mps:k' for MacOS, where k is a specific device number. (default = "cpu")
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism. (default = FALSE).
model_max_length

The maximum length (in number of tokens) for the inputs to the transformer model (default the value stored for the associated model).
max_token_to_sentence

(numeric) Maximum number of tokens in a string to handle before switching to embedding text sentence by sentence. (default= 4)
hg_gated

Set to TRUE if the accessed model is gated.
hg_token

The token needed to access the gated model. Create a token from the ['Settings' page](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens) of the Hugging Face website. An an environment variable HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN can be set to avoid the need to enter the token each time.
trust_remote_code

use a model with custom code on the Huggingface Hub
logging_level

(character) Set the logging level. (default ="error") Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
sort

(boolean) If TRUE sort the output to tidy format. (default = TRUE)

Value

The textEmbedRawLayers() takes text as input, and returns the hidden states for each token of the text, including the [CLS] and the [SEP]. Note that layer 0 is the input embedding to the transformer, and should normally not be used.

See Also

See textEmbedLayerAggregation and textEmbed.

Examples

# Get hidden states of layer 11 and 12 for "I am fine".
## Not run: 
imf_embeddings_11_12 <- textEmbedRawLayers(
  "I am fine",
  layers = 11:12
)

# Show hidden states of layer 11 and 12.
imf_embeddings_11_12

## End(Not run)

Pre-trained dimension reduction (experimental)

Description

Pre-trained dimension reduction (experimental)

Usage

textEmbedReduce(
  embeddings,
  n_dim = NULL,
  scalar = "fb20/scalar.csv",
  pca = "fb20/rpca_roberta_768_D_20.csv"
)

Arguments

embeddings

(list) Embedding(s) - including, tokens, texts and/or word_types.
n_dim

(numeric) Number of dimensions to reduce to.
scalar

(string or matrix) Name or URL to scalar for standardizing the embeddings. If a URL, the function first examines whether it has been downloaded before. The string should be to a csv file containing a matrix with the pca weights for matrix multiplication. For more information see reference below.
pca

(string or matrix) Name or URL to pca weights. If a URL, the function first examines whether it has been downlaoded before. The string should be to a csv file containing a matrix. For more information see reference below.

Details

To use this method please see and cite:
Ganesan, A. V., Matero, M., Ravula, A. R., Vu, H., & Schwartz, H. A. (2021, June). Empirical evaluation of pre-trained transformers for human-level nlp: The role of sample size and dimensionality. In Proceedings of the conference. Association for Computational Linguistics. North American Chapter. Meeting (Vol. 2021, p. 4515). NIH Public Access.

See Git-Hub Empirical-Evaluation

Value

Returns embeddings with reduced number of dimensions.

See Also

textEmbed

Examples

## Not run: 
embeddings <- textEmbedReduce(word_embeddings_4$texts)

## End(Not run)

Apply static word embeddings

Description

textEmbedStatic() applies word embeddings from a given decontextualized static space (such as from Latent Semantic Analyses) to all character variables

Usage

textEmbedStatic(
  df,
  space,
  tk_df = "null",
  aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts = "mean",
  dim_name = FALSE,
  tolower = FALSE
)

Arguments

df

dataframe that at least contains one character column.
space

decontextualized/static space with a column called "words" and the semantic representations are in columns called Dim1, Dim2 (or V1, V2, ...) and so on (from textSpace, which is not included in the current text package).
tk_df

default "null"; option to use either the "tk" of "df" space (if using textSpace, which has not been implemented yet).
aggregation_from_tokens_to_texts

method to aggregate semantic representation when their are more than a single word. (default is "mean"; see also "min" and "max", "concatenate" and "normalize")
dim_name

Boolean, if TRUE append the variable name after all variable-names in the output. (This differentiates between word embedding dimension names; e.g., Dim1_text_variable_name)
tolower

(boolean) Lower case input.

Value

A list with tibbles for each character variable. Each tibble comprises a column with the text, followed by columns representing the semantic representations of the text. The tibbles are called the same as the original variable.

See Also

see textEmbed

Detect non-ASCII characters

Description

This function to detect non-ASCII characters in a tibble with multiple columns.

Usage

textFindNonASCII(data_tibble)

Arguments

data_tibble

A character variable or a tibble including character variables.

Value

a tibble containing variable names, row numbers and text including non-acii.

Domain Adapted Pre-Training (EXPERIMENTAL - under development)

Description

Domain Adapted Pre-Training (EXPERIMENTAL - under development)

Usage

textFineTuneDomain(
  text_data,
  model_name_or_path = "bert-base-uncased",
  output_dir = "./runs",
  validation_proportion = 0.1,
  evaluation_proportion = 0.1,
  config_name = NULL,
  tokenizer_name = NULL,
  max_seq_length = 128L,
  evaluation_strategy = "epoch",
  eval_accumulation_steps = NULL,
  num_train_epochs = 3,
  past_index = -1,
  set_seed = 2022,
  ...
)

Arguments

text_data

A dataframe, where the first column contain text data, and the second column the to-be-predicted variable (numeric or categorical).
model_name_or_path

(string) Path to foundation/pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models
output_dir

(string) Path to the output directory.
validation_proportion

(Numeric) Proportion of the text_data to be used for validation.
evaluation_proportion

(Numeric) Proportion of the text_data to be used for evaluation.
config_name

(String) Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name.
tokenizer_name

(String) Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name
max_seq_length

(Numeric) The maximum total input sequence length after tokenization. Sequences longer than this will be truncated, sequences shorter will be padded.
evaluation_strategy

(String or IntervalStrategy) — The evaluation strategy to adopt during training. Possible values are: "no": No evaluation is done during training. "steps": Evaluation is done (and logged) every eval_steps. "epoch": Evaluation is done at the end of each epoch.
eval_accumulation_steps

(Integer) Number of predictions steps to accumulate the output tensors for, before moving the results to the CPU. If left unset, the whole predictions are accumulated on GPU/TPU before being moved to the CPU (faster but requires more memory).
num_train_epochs

(Numeric) Total number of training epochs to perform (if not an integer, will perform the decimal part percents of the last epoch before stopping training).
past_index

(Numeric, defaults to -1) Some models like TransformerXL or XLNet can make use of the past hidden states for their predictions. If this argument is set to a positive int, the Trainer will use the corresponding output (usually index 2) as the past state and feed it to the model at the next training step under the keyword argument mems.
set_seed

(Numeric) Set the seed
...

Parameters related to the fine tuning, which can be seen in the text-package file inst/python/arg2.json.

Details

Information about more parameters see inst/python/args2.json (https://github.com/OscarKjell/text/tree/master/inst/python/args2.json). Descriptions of settings can be found in inst/python/task_finetune.py under "class ModelArguments" and "class DataTrainingArguments" as well as online at https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer.

Value

A folder containing the pretrained model and output data. The model can then be used, for example, by textEmbed() by providing the model parameter with a the path to the output folder.

See Also

see textEmbed, textEmbed

Examples

## Not run: 
textFineTuneDomain(text_data)

## End(Not run)

Task Adapted Pre-Training (EXPERIMENTAL - under development)

Description

Task Adapted Pre-Training (EXPERIMENTAL - under development)

Usage

textFineTuneTask(
  text_outcome_data,
  model_name_or_path = "bert-base-uncased",
  output_dir = "./runs",
  validation_proportion = 0.1,
  evaluation_proportion = 0.1,
  is_regression = TRUE,
  config_name = NULL,
  tokenizer_name = NULL,
  max_seq_length = 128L,
  evaluation_strategy = "epoch",
  eval_accumulation_steps = NULL,
  num_train_epochs = 3,
  past_index = -1,
  set_seed = 2022,
  label_names = NULL,
  pytorch_mps_high_watermark_ratio = FALSE,
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  ...
)

Arguments

text_outcome_data

A dataframe, where the first column contain text data, and the second column the to-be-predicted variable (numeric or categorical).
model_name_or_path

(string) Path to foundation/pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models
output_dir

(string) Path to the output directory.
validation_proportion

(Numeric) Proportion of the text_outcome_data to be used for validation.
evaluation_proportion

(Numeric) Proportion of the text_outcome_data to be used for evaluation.
is_regression

(Boolean) TRUE for regression tasks, FALSE for classification.
config_name

(String) Pretrained config name or path if not the same as model_name.
tokenizer_name

(String) Pretrained tokenizer name or path if not the same as model_name
max_seq_length

(Numeric) The maximum total input sequence length after tokenization. Sequences longer than this will be truncated, sequences shorter will be padded.
evaluation_strategy

(String or IntervalStrategy) — The evaluation strategy to adopt during training. Possible values are: "no": No evaluation is done during training. "steps": Evaluation is done (and logged) every eval_steps. "epoch": Evaluation is done at the end of each epoch.
eval_accumulation_steps

(Integer) Number of predictions steps to accumulate the output tensors for, before moving the results to the CPU. If left unset, the whole predictions are accumulated on GPU/TPU before being moved to the CPU (faster but requires more memory).
num_train_epochs

(Numeric) Total number of training epochs to perform (if not an integer, will perform the decimal part percents of the last epoch before stopping training).
past_index

(Numeric, defaults to -1) Some models like TransformerXL or XLNet can make use of the past hidden states for their predictions. If this argument is set to a positive int, the Trainer will use the corresponding output (usually index 2) as the past state and feed it to the model at the next training step under the keyword argument mems.
set_seed

(Numeric) Set the seed
label_names

label name in case of classification; e.g., label_names = c("female", "male").
pytorch_mps_high_watermark_ratio

Set to TRUE to solve error RuntimeError: MPS backend out of memory.Use PYTORCH_MPS_HIGH_WATERMARK_RATIO=0.0 to disable upper limit for memory allocations (may cause system failure). Monitor System Resources: If you decide to adjust this setting, closely monitor your system's resource usage to ensure it does not become unstable.
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism. Default FALSE.
...

Parameters related to the fine tuning, which can be seen in the text-package file inst/python/arg2.json.

Details

Information about more parameters see inst/python/args2.json (https://github.com/OscarKjell/text/tree/master/inst/python/args2.json). Descriptions of settings can be found in inst/python/task_finetune.py under "class ModelArguments" and "class DataTrainingArguments" as well as online at https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main_classes/trainer.

Value

A folder containing the pretrained model and output data. The model can then be used, for example, by textEmbed() by providing the model parameter with a the path to the output folder.

See Also

see textEmbed, textEmbed

Examples

## Not run: 
textFineTuneTask(text_outcome_data)

## End(Not run)

Text generation

Description

textGeneration() predicts the words that will follow a specified text prompt. (experimental)

Usage

textGeneration(
  x,
  model = "gpt2",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "warning",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  return_tensors = FALSE,
  return_full_text = TRUE,
  clean_up_tokenization_spaces = FALSE,
  prefix = "",
  handle_long_generation = NULL,
  set_seed = 202208L
)

Arguments

x

(string) A variable or a tibble/dataframe with at least one character variable.
model

(string) Specification of a pre-trained language model that have been trained with an autoregressive language modeling objective, which includes the uni-directional models (e.g., gpt2).
device

(string) Device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
return_tensors

(boolean) Whether or not the output should include the prediction tensors (as token indices).
return_full_text

(boolean) If FALSE only the added text is returned, otherwise the full text is returned. (This setting is only meaningful if return_text is set to TRUE)
clean_up_tokenization_spaces

(boolean) Option to clean up the potential extra spaces in the returned text.
prefix

(string) Option to add a prefix to prompt.
handle_long_generation

By default, this function does not handle long generation (those that exceed the model maximum length).
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed. (more info :https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/14033#issuecomment-948385227). This setting provides some ways to work around the problem: None: default way, where no particular strategy is applied. "hole": Truncates left of input, and leaves a gap that is wide enough to let generation happen. (this might truncate a lot of the prompt and not suitable when generation exceed the model capacity)

Value

A tibble with generated text.

See Also

see textClassify, textNER, textSum, textQA, textTranslate

Examples

# generated_text <- textGeneration("The meaning of life is")
# generated_text

The LBAM library

Description

Retrieve the Language-Based Assessment Models library (LBAM).

Usage

textLBAM(columns = NULL, lbam_update = FALSE)

Arguments

columns

(string) Select which columns to retrieve e.g., c("Name", "Path")
lbam_update

(boolean) TRUE downloads a new copy of the LBAM file

Value

Data frame containing information about the Language-based assessment models library (LBAM).

Examples

## Not run: 
library(dplyr)
test_lbam <- textLBAM(
  lbam_update = TRUE
)
subset(
  lbam,
  substr(Construct_Concept_Behaviours, 1, 3) == "Dep",
  select = c(Construct_Concept_Behaviours, Name)
)


## End(Not run)

Number of layers

Description

This functions gets the number of layers in a given model.

Usage

textModelLayers(
  target_model,
  hg_gated = FALSE,
  hg_token = Sys.getenv("HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN", unset = ""),
  trust_remote_code = FALSE
)

Arguments

target_model

(string) The name of the model to know the number of layers of.
hg_gated

Set to TRUE if the accessed model is gated.
hg_token

The token needed to access the gated model. Create a token from the ['Settings' page](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens) of the Hugging Face website. An an environment variable HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN can be set to avoid the need to enter the token each time.
trust_remote_code

use a model with custom code on the Huggingface Hub

Value

Number of layers.

See Also

see textModels

Examples

## Not run: 
textModelLayers(target_model = "bert-base-uncased")

## End(Not run)

Check downloaded, available models.

Description

Check downloaded, available models.

Usage

textModels()

Value

List of names of models and tokenizers

See Also

see textModelsRemove

Examples

## Not run: 
textModels()

## End(Not run)

Delete a specified model

Description

This functions delete specified mode and associated files.

Usage

textModelsRemove(target_model)

Arguments

target_model

(string) The name of the model to be deleted.

Value

Confirmation whether the model has been deleted.

See Also

see textModels

Examples

## Not run: 
textModelsRemove("name-of-model-to-delete")

## End(Not run)

Named Entity Recognition. (experimental)

Description

Named Entity Recognition. (experimental)

Usage

textNER(
  x,
  model = "dslim/bert-base-NER",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  set_seed = 202208L
)

Arguments

x

(string) A variable or a tibble/dataframe with at least one character variable.
model

(string) Specification of a pre-trained language model for token classification that have been fine-tuned on a NER task (e.g., see "dslim/bert-base-NER"). Use for predicting the classes of tokens in a sequence: person, organisation, location or miscellaneous).
device

(string) Device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed.

Value

A list with tibble(s) with NER classifications for each column.

See Also

see textClassify, textGeneration, textNER, textSum, textQA, textTranslate

Examples

# ner_example <- textNER("Arnes plays football with Daniel")
# ner_example

textPCA()

Description

textPCA() computes 2 PCA dimensions of the word embeddings for individual words.

Usage

textPCA(
  words,
  word_types_embeddings = word_types_embeddings_df,
  to_lower_case = TRUE,
  seed = 1010
)

Arguments

words

Word or text variable to be plotted.
word_types_embeddings

Word embeddings from textEmbed for individual words (i.e., decontextualized embeddings).
to_lower_case

Lower case words
seed

Set different seed.

Value

A dataframe with words, their frquency and two PCA dimensions from the word_embeddings for the individual words that is used for the plotting in the textPCAPlot function.

See Also

see textPCAPlot

Examples

## Not run: 
# Data
df_for_plotting2d <- textPCA(
  words = Language_based_assessment_data_8$harmonywords,
  word_types_embeddings = word_embeddings_4$word_types
)
df_for_plotting2d

## End(Not run)

textPCAPlot

Description

textPCAPlot() plots words according to 2-D plot from 2 PCA components.

Usage

textPCAPlot(
  word_data,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 5,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 5,
  plot_n_words_middle = 5,
  titles_color = "#61605e",
  title_top = "Principal Component (PC) Plot",
  x_axes_label = "PC1",
  y_axes_label = "PC2",
  scale_x_axes_lim = NULL,
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL,
  word_font = NULL,
  bivariate_color_codes = c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA",
    "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E"),
  word_size_range = c(3, 8),
  position_jitter_hight = 0,
  position_jitter_width = 0.03,
  point_size = 0.5,
  arrow_transparency = 0.1,
  points_without_words_size = 0.2,
  points_without_words_alpha = 0.2,
  legend_title = "PC",
  legend_x_axes_label = "PC1",
  legend_y_axes_label = "PC2",
  legend_x_position = 0.02,
  legend_y_position = 0.02,
  legend_h_size = 0.2,
  legend_w_size = 0.2,
  legend_title_size = 7,
  legend_number_size = 2,
  seed = 1002
)

Arguments

word_data

Dataframe from textPCA
min_freq_words_test

Select words to significance test that have occurred at least min_freq_words_test (default = 1).
plot_n_word_extreme

Number of words that are extreme on Supervised Dimension Projection per dimension. (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
plot_n_word_frequency

Number of words based on being most frequent. (i.e., even if not significant).
plot_n_words_middle

Number of words plotted that are in the middle in Supervised Dimension Projection score (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
titles_color

Color for all the titles (default: "#61605e")
title_top

Title (default " ")
x_axes_label

Label on the x-axes.
y_axes_label

Label on the y-axes.
scale_x_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the x-axes (default = NULL, which uses ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(limits = scale_x_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
scale_y_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the y-axes (default = NULL; which uses ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(limits = scale_y_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
word_font

Font type (default: NULL).
bivariate_color_codes

The different colors of the words (default: c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA", "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E")).
word_size_range

Vector with minimum and maximum font size (default: c(3, 8)).
position_jitter_hight

Jitter height (default: .0).
position_jitter_width

Jitter width (default: .03).
point_size

Size of the points indicating the words' position (default: 0.5).
arrow_transparency

Transparency of the lines between each word and point (default: 0.1).
points_without_words_size

Size of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
points_without_words_alpha

Transparency of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
legend_title

Title on the color legend (default: "(PCA)".
legend_x_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "(x)".
legend_y_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "(y)".
legend_x_position

Position on the x coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.02).
legend_y_position

Position on the y coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.05).
legend_h_size

Height of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_w_size

Width of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_title_size

Font size (default: 7).
legend_number_size

Font size of the values in the legend (default: 2).
seed

Set different seed.

Value

A 1- or 2-dimensional word plot, as well as tibble with processed data used to plot..

See Also

see textPCA

Examples

# The test-data included in the package is called: DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100

# Supervised Dimension Projection Plot
principle_component_plot_projection <- textPCAPlot(PC_projections_satisfactionwords_40)
principle_component_plot_projection

names(DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100)

Plot words

Description

textPlot() plots words from textProjection() or textWordPrediction().

Usage

textPlot(
  word_data,
  k_n_words_to_test = FALSE,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  min_freq_words_plot = 1,
  plot_n_words_square = 3,
  plot_n_words_p = 5,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 5,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 5,
  plot_n_words_middle = 5,
  titles_color = "#61605e",
  y_axes = FALSE,
  p_alpha = 0.05,
  overlapping = TRUE,
  p_adjust_method = "none",
  title_top = "Supervised Dimension Projection",
  x_axes_label = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  y_axes_label = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  scale_x_axes_lim = NULL,
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL,
  word_font = NULL,
  bivariate_color_codes = c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA",
    "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E"),
  word_size_range = c(3, 8),
  position_jitter_hight = 0,
  position_jitter_width = 0.03,
  point_size = 0.5,
  arrow_transparency = 0.1,
  points_without_words_size = 0.2,
  points_without_words_alpha = 0.2,
  legend_title = "SDP",
  legend_x_axes_label = "x",
  legend_y_axes_label = "y",
  legend_x_position = 0.02,
  legend_y_position = 0.02,
  legend_h_size = 0.2,
  legend_w_size = 0.2,
  legend_title_size = 7,
  legend_number_size = 2,
  group_embeddings1 = FALSE,
  group_embeddings2 = FALSE,
  projection_embedding = FALSE,
  aggregated_point_size = 0.8,
  aggregated_shape = 8,
  aggregated_color_G1 = "black",
  aggregated_color_G2 = "black",
  projection_color = "blue",
  seed = 1005,
  explore_words = NULL,
  explore_words_color = "#ad42f5",
  explore_words_point = "ALL_1",
  explore_words_aggregation = "mean",
  remove_words = NULL,
  n_contrast_group_color = NULL,
  n_contrast_group_remove = FALSE,
  space = NULL,
  scaling = FALSE
)

Arguments

word_data

Dataframe from textProjection.
k_n_words_to_test

Select the k most frequent words to significance test (k = sqrt(100*N); N = number of participant responses) (default = TRUE).
min_freq_words_test

Select words to significance test that have occurred at least min_freq_words_test (default = 1).
min_freq_words_plot

Select words to plot that has occurred at least min_freq_words_plot times (default = 1).
plot_n_words_square

Select number of significant words in each square of the figure to plot. The significant words, in each square is selected according to most frequent words (default = 3).
plot_n_words_p

Number of significant words to plot on each (positive and negative) side of the x-axes and y-axes, (where duplicates are removed); selects first according to lowest p-value and then according to frequency (default = 5). Hence, on a two dimensional plot it is possible that plot_n_words_p = 1 yield 4 words.
plot_n_word_extreme

Number of words that are extreme on Supervised Dimension Projection per dimension (default = 5). (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
plot_n_word_frequency

Number of words based on being most frequent (default = 5). (i.e., even if not significant).
plot_n_words_middle

Number of words plotted that are in the middle in Supervised Dimension Projection score (default = 5). (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
titles_color

Color for all the titles (default: "#61605e").
y_axes

(boolean) If TRUE, also plotting on the y-axes (default = FALSE, i.e, a 1-dimensional plot is generated). Also plotting on y-axes produces a two dimension 2-dimensional plot, but the textProjection function has to have had a variable on the y-axes.
p_alpha

Alpha (default = .05).
overlapping

(boolean) Allow overlapping (TRUE) or disallow (FALSE) (default = TRUE).
p_adjust_method

(character) Method to adjust/correct p-values for multiple comparisons (default = "none"; see also "holm", "hochberg", "hommel", "bonferroni", "BH", "BY", "fdr").
title_top

Title (default " ").
x_axes_label

(character) Label on the x-axes (default = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)").
y_axes_label

(character) Label on the y-axes (default = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)").
scale_x_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the x-axes (default = NULL, which uses ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(limits = scale_x_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
scale_y_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the y-axes (default = NULL; which uses ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(limits = scale_y_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
word_font

Font type (default = NULL).
bivariate_color_codes

(HTML color codes. Type = character) The different colors of the words. Note that, at the moment, two squares should not have the exact same colour-code because the numbers within the squares of the legend will then be aggregated (and show the same, incorrect value). (default: c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA", "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E")).
word_size_range

Vector with minimum and maximum font size (default: c(3, 8)).
position_jitter_hight

Jitter height (default: .0).
position_jitter_width

Jitter width (default: .03).
point_size

Size of the points indicating the words' position (default: 0.5).
arrow_transparency

Transparency of the lines between each word and point (default: 0.1).
points_without_words_size

Size of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
points_without_words_alpha

Transparency of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
legend_title

Title on the color legend (default: "SDP").
legend_x_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "x").
legend_y_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "y").
legend_x_position

Position on the x coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.02).
legend_y_position

Position on the y coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.05).
legend_h_size

Height of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_w_size

Width of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_title_size

Font size (default: 7).
legend_number_size

Font size of the values in the legend (default: 2).
group_embeddings1

(boolean) Shows a point representing the aggregated word embedding for group 1 (default = FALSE).
group_embeddings2

(boolean) Shows a point representing the aggregated word embedding for group 2 (default = FALSE).
projection_embedding

(boolean) Shows a point representing the aggregated direction embedding (default = FALSE).
aggregated_point_size

Size of the points representing the group_embeddings1, group_embeddings2 and projection_embedding (default = 0.8).
aggregated_shape

Shape type of the points representing the group_embeddings1, group_embeddings2 and projection_embedding (default = 8).
aggregated_color_G1

Color (default = "black").
aggregated_color_G2

Color (default = "black").
projection_color

Color (default = "blue").
seed

(numeric) Set different seed (default = 1005)..
explore_words

Explore where specific words are positioned in the embedding space. For example, c("happy content", "sad down") (default = NULL).
explore_words_color

Specify the color(s) of the words being explored. For example c("#ad42f5", "green") (default = "#ad42f5").
explore_words_point

Specify the names of the point for the aggregated word embeddings of all the explored words (default = "ALL_1").
explore_words_aggregation

Specify how to aggregate the word embeddings of the explored words (default = "mean").
remove_words

Manually remove words from the plot (which is done just before the words are plotted so that the remove_words are part of previous counts/analyses) (default = NULL).
n_contrast_group_color

Set color to words that have higher frequency (N) on the other opposite side of its dot product projection (default = NULL).
n_contrast_group_remove

Remove words that have higher frequency (N) on the other opposite side of its dot product projection (default = FALSE).
space

Provide a semantic space if using static embeddings and wanting to explore words (default = NULL).
scaling

Scaling word embeddings before aggregation (default = FALSE).

Value

A 1- or 2-dimensional word plot, as well as tibble with processed data used to plot.

See Also

See textProjection.

Examples

# The test-data included in the package is called: DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100

# Supervised Dimension Projection Plot
plot_projection <- textPlot(
  word_data = DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100,
  k_n_words_to_test = FALSE,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  plot_n_words_square = 3,
  plot_n_words_p = 3,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 1,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 1,
  plot_n_words_middle = 1,
  y_axes = FALSE,
  p_alpha = 0.05,
  title_top = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  x_axes_label = "Low vs. High HILS score",
  y_axes_label = "Low vs. High SWLS score",
  p_adjust_method = "bonferroni",
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL
)
plot_projection

names(DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100)

textPredict, textAssess and textClassify

Description

Trained models created by e.g., textTrain() or stored on e.g., github of huggingface can be used to predict scores or classes from embeddings or text using one of these function aliases.

Usage

textPredict(
  model_info = "valence_facebook_mxbai23_eijsbroek2024",
  texts = NULL,
  model_type = "detect",
  lbam_update = TRUE,
  word_embeddings = NULL,
  x_append = NULL,
  append_first = NULL,
  dim_names = TRUE,
  language_distribution = NULL,
  language_distribution_min_words = "trained_distribution_min_words",
  save_model = TRUE,
  threshold = NULL,
  show_texts = FALSE,
  device = "cpu",
  participant_id = NULL,
  save_embeddings = TRUE,
  save_dir = "wd",
  save_name = "textPredict",
  story_id = NULL,
  dataset_to_merge_assessments = NULL,
  previous_sentence = FALSE,
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  force_return_results = TRUE,
  return_all_scores = FALSE,
  function_to_apply = NULL,
  set_seed = 202208,
  ...
)

textAssess(
  model_info = "valence_facebook_mxbai23_eijsbroek2024",
  texts = NULL,
  model_type = "detect",
  lbam_update = TRUE,
  word_embeddings = NULL,
  x_append = NULL,
  append_first = NULL,
  dim_names = TRUE,
  language_distribution = NULL,
  language_distribution_min_words = "trained_distribution_min_words",
  save_model = TRUE,
  threshold = NULL,
  show_texts = FALSE,
  device = "cpu",
  participant_id = NULL,
  save_embeddings = TRUE,
  save_dir = "wd",
  save_name = "textPredict",
  story_id = NULL,
  dataset_to_merge_assessments = NULL,
  previous_sentence = FALSE,
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  force_return_results = TRUE,
  return_all_scores = FALSE,
  function_to_apply = NULL,
  set_seed = 202208,
  ...
)

textClassify(
  model_info = "valence_facebook_mxbai23_eijsbroek2024",
  texts = NULL,
  model_type = "detect",
  lbam_update = TRUE,
  word_embeddings = NULL,
  x_append = NULL,
  append_first = NULL,
  dim_names = TRUE,
  language_distribution = NULL,
  language_distribution_min_words = "trained_distribution_min_words",
  save_model = TRUE,
  threshold = NULL,
  show_texts = FALSE,
  device = "cpu",
  participant_id = NULL,
  save_embeddings = TRUE,
  save_dir = "wd",
  save_name = "textPredict",
  story_id = NULL,
  dataset_to_merge_assessments = NULL,
  previous_sentence = FALSE,
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  force_return_results = TRUE,
  return_all_scores = FALSE,
  function_to_apply = NULL,
  set_seed = 202208,
  ...
)

Arguments

model_info

(character or r-object) model_info has four options, including: 1: An R model (e.g, saved output from one of the textTrain() functions). 2: The name specified in the L-BAM Documentation. For the following settings, remember to also set the model_type parameter: 3: Link to a text-trained model online (either in a github repo (e.g, "https://github.com/CarlViggo/pretrained_swls_model/raw/main/trained_github_model_logistic.RDS"or OSF https://osf.io/8fp7v) 4: Name or link to a fine-tuned model from Huggingface (e.g., "distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-sst-2-english"). 5: Path to a model stored locally (e.g, "path/to/your/model/model_name.rds").
texts

(character) Text to predict. If this argument is specified, then arguments "word_embeddings" and "premade embeddings" cannot be defined (default = NULL).
model_type

(character) Specify how the function should handle the model argument. The default is "detect" where the fucntion ttried to detect it automatically. Setting it to "fine-tuned" or "text-trained" will apply their respective default behaviors, while setting it to "implicit motives" will trigger specific steps tailored to these models.
lbam_update

(boolean) Updating the L-BAM file by automatically downloading it from Google Sheet.
word_embeddings

(tibble; only for "text-trained"-model_type) Embeddings from e.g., textEmbed(). If you're using a pre-trained model, then texts and embeddings cannot be submitted simultaneously (default = NULL).
x_append

(tibble; only for "text-trained"-model_type) Variables to be appended with the word embeddings (x).
append_first

(boolean; only for "text-trained" models) If TRUE, x_appened is added before word embeddings.
dim_names

(boolean; only for "text-trained"-models) Account for specific dimension names from textEmbed() (rather than generic names including Dim1, Dim2 etc.). If FALSE the models need to have been trained on word embeddings created with dim_names FALSE, so that embeddings were only called Dim1, Dim2 etc.
language_distribution

(character column; only for "text-trained" models) If you provide the raw language data used for making the embeddings used for assessment, the language distribution (i.e., a word and frequency table) will be compared with saved one in the model object (if one exists). This enables calculating similarity scores.
language_distribution_min_words

(string or numeric; only for "text-trained" models) Default is to use the removal threshold used when creating the distribution in the in the training set ("trained_distribution_min_words"). You can set it yourself with a numeric value.
save_model

(boolean; only for "text-trained"-models) The model will by default be saved in your work-directory (default = TRUE). If the model already exists in your work-directory, it will automatically be loaded from there.
threshold

(numeric; only for "text-trained"-models) Determine threshold if you are using a logistic model (default = 0.5).
show_texts

(boolean; only for "implicit-motives"-models) Show texts together with predictions (default = FALSE).
device

Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', 'gpu:k' or 'mps'/'mps:k' for MacOS, where k is a specific device number such as 'mps:1'.
participant_id

(list; only for "implicit-motives"-models) Vector of participant-ids. Specify this for getting person level scores (i.e., summed sentence probabilities to the person level corrected for word count). (default = NULL)
save_embeddings

(boolean; only for "text-trained"-models) If set to TRUE, embeddings will be saved with a unique identifier, and will be automatically opened next time textPredict is run with the same text. (default = TRUE)
save_dir

(character; only for "text-trained"-models) Directory to save embeddings. (default = "wd" (i.e, work-directory))
save_name

(character; only for "text-trained"-models) Name of the saved embeddings (will be combined with a unique identifier). (default = ""). Obs: If no save_name is provided, and model_info is a character, then save_name will be set to model_info.
story_id

(vector; only for "implicit-motives"-models) Vector of story-ids. Specify this to get story level scores (i.e., summed sentence probabilities corrected for word count). When there is both story_id and participant_id indicated, the function returns a list including both story level and person level prediction corrected for word count. (default = NULL)
dataset_to_merge_assessments

(R-object, tibble; only for "implicit-motives"-models) Insert your data here to integrate predictions to your dataset, (default = NULL).
previous_sentence

(boolean; only for "implicit-motives"-models) If set to TRUE, word-embeddings will be averaged over the current and previous sentence per story-id. For this, both participant-id and story-id must be specified.
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean; only for "fine-tuned"-models) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string; only for "fine-tuned"-models) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean; only for "fine-tuned"-models) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
return_all_scores

(boolean; only for "fine-tuned"-models) Whether to return all prediction scores or just the one of the predicted class.
function_to_apply

(string; only for "fine-tuned"-models) The function to apply to the model outputs to retrieve the scores.
set_seed

(Integer; only for "fine-tuned" models) Set seed.
...

Setting from stats::predict can be called.

Value

Predictions from word-embedding or text input.

See Also

See textTrain, textTrainLists and textTrainRandomForest.

Examples

## Not run: 

# Text data from Language_based_assessment_data_8
text_to_predict <- "I am not in harmony in my life as much as I would like to be."

# Example 1: (predict using pre-made embeddings and an R model-object)
prediction1 <- textPredict(
  model_info = trained_model,
  word_embeddings_4$texts$satisfactiontexts
)

# Example 2: (predict using a pretrained github model)
prediction2 <- textPredict(
  texts = text_to_predict,
  model_info = "https://github.com/CarlViggo/pretrained-models/raw/main/trained_hils_model.RDS"
)

# Example 3: (predict using a pretrained logistic github model and return
# probabilities and classifications)
prediction3 <- textPredict(
  texts = text_to_predict,
  model_info = "https://github.com/CarlViggo/pretrained-models/raw/main/
  trained_github_model_logistic.RDS",
  type = "class_prob",
  threshold = 0.7
)

# Example 4: (predict from texts using a pretrained model stored in an osf project)
prediction4 <- textPredict(
  texts = text_to_predict,
  model_info = "https://osf.io/8fp7v"
)
##### Automatic implicit motive coding section ######

# Create example dataset
implicit_motive_data <- dplyr::mutate(.data = Language_based_assessment_data_8,
participant_id = dplyr::row_number())

# Code implicit motives.
implicit_motives <- textPredict(
  texts = implicit_motive_data$satisfactiontexts,
  model_info = "implicit_power_roberta_large_L23_v1",
  participant_id = implicit_motive_data$participant_id,
  dataset_to_merge_assessments = implicit_motive_data
)

# Examine results
implicit_motives$sentence_predictions
implicit_motives$person_predictions

## End(Not run)

## Not run: 
# Examine the correlation between the predicted values and
# the Satisfaction with life scale score (pre-included in text).

psych::corr.test(
  predictions1$word_embeddings__ypred,
  Language_based_assessment_data_8$swlstotal
)

## End(Not run)

Predict from several models, selecting the correct input

Description

Predict from several models, selecting the correct input

Usage

textPredictAll(models, word_embeddings, x_append = NULL, ...)

Arguments

models

Object containing several models.
word_embeddings

List of word embeddings (if using word embeddings from more than one text-variable use dim_names = TRUE throughout the pipeline).
x_append

A tibble/dataframe with additional variables used in the training of the models (optional).
...

Settings from textPredict.

Value

A tibble with predictions.

See Also

see textPredict and textTrain

Examples

# x <- Language_based_assessment_data_8[1:2, 1:2]
# word_embeddings_with_layers <- textEmbedLayersOutput(x, layers = 11:12)

Significance testing correlations If only y1 is provided a t-test is computed, between the absolute error from yhat1-y1 and yhat2-y1.

Description

If y2 is provided a bootstrapped procedure is used to compare the correlations between y1 and yhat1 versus y2 and yhat2. This is achieved by creating two distributions of correlations using bootstrapping; and then finally compute the distributions overlap.

Usage

textPredictTest(
  y1,
  y2,
  yhat1,
  yhat2,
  method = "t-test",
  statistic = "correlation",
  paired = TRUE,
  event_level = "first",
  bootstraps_times = 1000,
  seed = 6134,
  ...
)

Arguments

y1

The observed scores (i.e., what was used to predict when training a model).
y2

The second observed scores (default = NULL; i.e., for when comparing models that are predicting different outcomes. In this case a bootstrap procedure is used to create two distributions of correlations that are compared (see description above).
yhat1

The predicted scores from model 1.
yhat2

The predicted scores from model 2 that will be compared with model 1.
method

Set "t-test" if comparing predictions from models that predict the SAME outcome. Set "bootstrap" if comparing predictions from models that predict DIFFERENT outcomes or comparison from logistic regression computing AUC distributions.
statistic

Character ("correlation", "auc") describing statistic to be compared in bootstrapping.
paired

Paired test or not in stats::t.test (default TRUE).
event_level

Character "first" or "second" for computing the auc in the bootstrap.
bootstraps_times

Number of bootstraps (when providing y2).
seed

Set seed.
...

Settings from stats::t.test or overlapping::overlap (e.g., plot = TRUE).

Value

Comparison of correlations either a t-test or the overlap of a bootstrapped procedure (see $OV).

See Also

see textTrain textPredict

Examples

# Example random data
y1 <- runif(10)
yhat1 <- runif(10)
y2 <- runif(10)
yhat2 <- runif(10)

boot_test <- textPredictTest(y1, y2, yhat1, yhat2)

Supervised Dimension Projection

Description

textProjection() computes Supervised Dimension Projection and related variables for plotting words.

Usage

textProjection(
  words,
  word_embeddings,
  word_types_embeddings,
  x,
  y = NULL,
  pca = NULL,
  aggregation = "mean",
  split = "quartile",
  word_weight_power = 1,
  min_freq_words_test = 0,
  mean_centering = FALSE,
  mean_centering2 = FALSE,
  Npermutations = 10000,
  n_per_split = 50000,
  seed = 1003
)

Arguments

words

(character) Word or text variable to be plotted.
word_embeddings

Word embeddings from textEmbed for the words to be plotted (i.e., the aggregated word embeddings for the "words" parameter).
word_types_embeddings

Word embeddings from textEmbed for individual words (i.e., decontextualized embeddings).
x

Numeric variable that the words should be plotted according to on the x-axes.
y

Numeric variable that the words should be plotted according to on the y-axes (default = NULL, i.e., a 1-dimensional plot is created).
pca

Number of PCA dimensions applied to the word embeddings in the beginning of the function (default = NULL). A number below 1 takes out % of variance; An integer specify number of components to extract. (default is NULL as this setting has not yet been evaluated).
aggregation

(character) Method to aggregate the word embeddings (default = "mean"; see also "min", "max", and "[CLS]").
split

(character) Method to split the axes (default = "quartile" involving selecting lower and upper quartile; see also "mean"). However, if the variable is only containing two different values (i.e., being dichotomous) mean split is used.
word_weight_power

Compute the power of the frequency of the words and multiply the word embeddings with this in the computation of aggregated word embeddings for group low (1) and group high (2). This increases the weight of more frequent words.
min_freq_words_test

(numeric) Option to select words that have occurred a specified number of times (default = 0); when creating the Supervised Dimension Projection line (i.e., single words receive Supervised Dimension Projection and p-value).
mean_centering

(boolean) Separately mean centering the Group 1 split aggregation embedding, and the Group 2 split aggregation embedding
mean_centering2

(boolean) Separately mean centering the G1 and G2 split aggregation embeddings
Npermutations

(numeric) Number of permutations in the creation of the null distribution (default = 10000).
n_per_split

(numeric) Setting to split Npermutations to avoid reaching computer memory limits; set it lower than Npermutations <- and the higher it is set the faster the computation completes, but too high may lead to abortion (default = 50000).
seed

(numeric) Set different seed (default = 1003).

Value

A dataframe with variables (e.g., including Supervised Dimension Projection, frequencies, p-values) for the individual words that is used for the plotting in the textProjectionPlot function.

See Also

See textProjectionPlot.

Examples

# Pre-processing data for plotting.
## Not run: 
df_for_plotting <- textProjection(
  words = Language_based_assessment_data_8$harmonywords,
  word_embeddings = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonywords,
  word_types_embeddings = word_embeddings_4$word_types,
  x = Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal,
  split = "mean",
  Npermutations = 10,
  n_per_split = 1
)
# Run df_for_plotting to examine result.
df_for_plotting

## End(Not run)

Plot Supervised Dimension Projection

Description

textProjectionPlot() plots words according to Supervised Dimension Projection.

Usage

textProjectionPlot(
  word_data,
  k_n_words_to_test = FALSE,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  min_freq_words_plot = 1,
  plot_n_words_square = 3,
  plot_n_words_p = 5,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 5,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 5,
  plot_n_words_middle = 5,
  titles_color = "#61605e",
  y_axes = FALSE,
  p_alpha = 0.05,
  overlapping = TRUE,
  p_adjust_method = "none",
  title_top = "Supervised Dimension Projection",
  x_axes_label = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  y_axes_label = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  scale_x_axes_lim = NULL,
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL,
  word_font = NULL,
  bivariate_color_codes = c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA",
    "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E"),
  word_size_range = c(3, 8),
  position_jitter_hight = 0,
  position_jitter_width = 0.03,
  point_size = 0.5,
  arrow_transparency = 0.1,
  points_without_words_size = 0.2,
  points_without_words_alpha = 0.2,
  legend_title = "SDP",
  legend_x_axes_label = "x",
  legend_y_axes_label = "y",
  legend_x_position = 0.02,
  legend_y_position = 0.02,
  legend_h_size = 0.2,
  legend_w_size = 0.2,
  legend_title_size = 7,
  legend_number_size = 2,
  group_embeddings1 = FALSE,
  group_embeddings2 = FALSE,
  projection_embedding = FALSE,
  aggregated_point_size = 0.8,
  aggregated_shape = 8,
  aggregated_color_G1 = "black",
  aggregated_color_G2 = "black",
  projection_color = "blue",
  seed = 1005,
  explore_words = NULL,
  explore_words_color = "#ad42f5",
  explore_words_point = "ALL_1",
  explore_words_aggregation = "mean",
  remove_words = NULL,
  n_contrast_group_color = NULL,
  n_contrast_group_remove = FALSE,
  space = NULL,
  scaling = FALSE
)

Arguments

word_data

Dataframe from textProjection
k_n_words_to_test

Select the k most frequent words to significance test (k = sqrt(100*N); N = number of participant responses). Default = TRUE.
min_freq_words_test

Select words to significance test that have occurred at least min_freq_words_test (default = 1).
min_freq_words_plot

Select words to plot that has occurred at least min_freq_words_plot times.
plot_n_words_square

Select number of significant words in each square of the figure to plot. The significant words, in each square is selected according to most frequent words.
plot_n_words_p

Number of significant words to plot on each(positive and negative) side of the x-axes and y-axes, (where duplicates are removed); selects first according to lowest p-value and then according to frequency. Hence, on a two dimensional plot it is possible that plot_n_words_p = 1 yield 4 words.
plot_n_word_extreme

Number of words that are extreme on Supervised Dimension Projection per dimension. (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
plot_n_word_frequency

Number of words based on being most frequent. (i.e., even if not significant).
plot_n_words_middle

Number of words plotted that are in the middle in Supervised Dimension Projection score (i.e., even if not significant; per dimensions, where duplicates are removed).
titles_color

Color for all the titles (default: "#61605e")
y_axes

If TRUE, also plotting on the y-axes (default is FALSE). Also plotting on y-axes produces a two dimension 2-dimensional plot, but the textProjection function has to have had a variable on the y-axes.
p_alpha

Alpha (default = .05).
overlapping

(boolean) Allow overlapping (TRUE) or disallow (FALSE) (default = TRUE).
p_adjust_method

Method to adjust/correct p-values for multiple comparisons (default = "holm"; see also "none", "hochberg", "hommel", "bonferroni", "BH", "BY", "fdr").
title_top

Title (default " ")
x_axes_label

Label on the x-axes.
y_axes_label

Label on the y-axes.
scale_x_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the x-axes (default = NULL, which uses ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(limits = scale_x_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
scale_y_axes_lim

Manually set the length of the y-axes (default = NULL; which uses ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(limits = scale_y_axes_lim); change e.g., by trying c(-5, 5)).
word_font

Font type (default: NULL).
bivariate_color_codes

The different colors of the words. Note that, at the moment, two squares should not have the exact same colour-code because the numbers within the squares of the legend will then be aggregated (and show the same, incorrect value). (default: c("#398CF9", "#60A1F7", "#5dc688", "#e07f6a", "#EAEAEA", "#40DD52", "#FF0000", "#EA7467", "#85DB8E")).
word_size_range

Vector with minimum and maximum font size (default: c(3, 8)).
position_jitter_hight

Jitter height (default: .0).
position_jitter_width

Jitter width (default: .03).
point_size

Size of the points indicating the words' position (default: 0.5).
arrow_transparency

Transparency of the lines between each word and point (default: 0.1).
points_without_words_size

Size of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
points_without_words_alpha

Transparency of the points not linked with a words (default is to not show it, i.e., 0).
legend_title

Title on the color legend (default: "(SDP)".
legend_x_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "(x)".
legend_y_axes_label

Label on the color legend (default: "(y)".
legend_x_position

Position on the x coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.02).
legend_y_position

Position on the y coordinates of the color legend (default: 0.05).
legend_h_size

Height of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_w_size

Width of the color legend (default 0.15).
legend_title_size

Font size (default: 7).
legend_number_size

Font size of the values in the legend (default: 2).
group_embeddings1

Shows a point representing the aggregated word embedding for group 1 (default = FALSE).
group_embeddings2

Shows a point representing the aggregated word embedding for group 2 (default = FALSE).
projection_embedding

Shows a point representing the aggregated direction embedding (default = FALSE).
aggregated_point_size

Size of the points representing the group_embeddings1, group_embeddings2 and projection_embedding
aggregated_shape

Shape type of the points representing the group_embeddings1, group_embeddings2 and projection_embeddingd
aggregated_color_G1

Color
aggregated_color_G2

Color
projection_color

Color
seed

Set different seed.
explore_words

Explore where specific words are positioned in the embedding space. For example, c("happy content", "sad down").
explore_words_color

Specify the color(s) of the words being explored. For example c("#ad42f5", "green")
explore_words_point

Specify the names of the point for the aggregated word embeddings of all the explored words.
explore_words_aggregation

Specify how to aggregate the word embeddings of the explored words.
remove_words

manually remove words from the plot (which is done just before the words are plotted so that the remove_words are part of previous counts/analyses).
n_contrast_group_color

Set color to words that have higher frequency (N) on the other opposite side of its dot product projection (default = NULL).
n_contrast_group_remove

Remove words that have higher frequency (N) on the other opposite side of its dot product projection (default = FALSE).
space

Provide a semantic space if using static embeddings and wanting to explore words.
scaling

Scaling word embeddings before aggregation.

Value

A 1- or 2-dimensional word plot, as well as tibble with processed data used to plot.

See Also

See textProjection.

Examples

# The test-data included in the package is called: DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100.
# The dataframe created by textProjection can also be used as input-data.

# Supervised Dimension Projection Plot
plot_projection <- textProjectionPlot(
  word_data = DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100,
  k_n_words_to_test = FALSE,
  min_freq_words_test = 1,
  plot_n_words_square = 3,
  plot_n_words_p = 3,
  plot_n_word_extreme = 1,
  plot_n_word_frequency = 1,
  plot_n_words_middle = 1,
  y_axes = FALSE,
  p_alpha = 0.05,
  title_top = "Supervised Dimension Projection (SDP)",
  x_axes_label = "Low vs. High HILS score",
  y_axes_label = "Low vs. High SWLS score",
  p_adjust_method = "bonferroni",
  scale_y_axes_lim = NULL
)

plot_projection

# Investigate elements in DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100.
names(DP_projections_HILS_SWLS_100)

Question Answering. (experimental)

Description

Question Answering. (experimental)

Usage

textQA(
  question,
  context,
  model = "",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "warning",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  top_k = 1L,
  doc_stride = 128L,
  max_answer_len = 15L,
  max_seq_len = 384L,
  max_question_len = 64L,
  handle_impossible_answer = FALSE,
  set_seed = 202208L
)

Arguments

question

(string) A question
context

(string) The context(s) where the model will look for the answer.
model

(string) HuggingFace name of a pre-trained language model that have been fine-tuned on a question answering task.
device

(string) Device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
top_k

(integer) (int) Indicates number of possible answer span(s) to get from the model output.
doc_stride

(integer) If the context is too long to fit with the question for the model, it will be split into overlapping chunks. This setting controls the overlap size.
max_answer_len

(integer) Max answer size to be extracted from the model’s output.
max_seq_len

(integer) The max total sentence length (context + question) in tokens of each chunk passed to the model. If needed, the context is split in chunks (using doc_stride as overlap).
max_question_len

(integer) The max question length after tokenization. It will be truncated if needed.
handle_impossible_answer

(boolean) Whether or not impossible is accepted as an answer.
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed.

Value

Answers.

See Also

see textClassify, textGeneration, textNER, textSum, textQA, textTranslate

Examples

#   qa_examples <- textQA(question = "Which colour have trees?",
#     context = "Trees typically have leaves, are mostly green and like water.")

Initialize text required python packages

Description

Initialize text required python packages to call from R.

Usage

textrpp_initialize(
  python_executable = NULL,
  virtualenv = NULL,
  condaenv = "textrpp_condaenv",
  ask = FALSE,
  refresh_settings = FALSE,
  save_profile = FALSE,
  check_env = TRUE,
  textEmbed_test = FALSE,
  prompt = TRUE
)

Arguments

python_executable

the full path to the Python executable, for which text required python packages is installed.
virtualenv

set a path to the Python virtual environment with text required python packages installed Example: virtualenv = "~/myenv"
condaenv

set a path to the anaconda virtual environment with text required python packages installed Example: condalenv = "myenv"
ask

logical; if FALSE, use the first text required python packages installation found; if TRUE, list available text required python packages installations and prompt the user for which to use. If another (e.g. python_executable) is set, then this value will always be treated as FALSE.
refresh_settings

logical; if TRUE, text will ignore the saved settings in the profile and initiate a search of new settings.
save_profile

logical; if TRUE, the current text required python packages setting will be saved for the future use.
check_env

logical; check whether conda/virtual environment generated by textrpp_install() exists
textEmbed_test

logical; Test whether function (textEmbed) that requires python packages works.
prompt

logical; asking whether user wants to set the environment as default.

Install text required python packages in conda or virtualenv environment

Description

Install text required python packages (rpp) in a self-contained environment. For macOS and Linux-based systems, this will also install Python itself via a "miniconda" environment, for textrpp_install. Alternatively, an existing conda installation may be used, by specifying its path. The default setting of "auto" will locate and use an existing installation automatically, or download and install one if none exists.

For Windows, automatic installation of miniconda installation is not currently available, so the user will need to install miniconda (or Anaconda) manually.

If you wish to install Python in a "virtualenv", use the textrpp_install_virtualenv function. It requires that you have a python version and path to it (such as "/usr/local/bin/python3.9" for Mac and Linux.).

Usage

textrpp_install(
  conda = "auto",
  update_conda = FALSE,
  force_conda = FALSE,
  rpp_version = "rpp_version_system_specific_defaults",
  python_version = "python_version_system_specific_defaults",
  envname = "textrpp_condaenv",
  pip = TRUE,
  python_path = NULL,
  prompt = TRUE
)

textrpp_install_virtualenv(
  rpp_version = c("torch==2.0.0", "transformers==4.19.2", "numpy", "pandas", "nltk"),
  python_path = NULL,
  pip_version = NULL,
  bin = "python3",
  envname = "textrpp_virtualenv",
  prompt = TRUE
)

Arguments

conda

character; path to conda executable. Default "auto" which automatically find the path
update_conda

Boolean; update to the latest version of Miniconda after install? (should be combined with force_conda = TRUE)
force_conda

Boolean; force re-installation if Miniconda is already installed at the requested path?
rpp_version

character; default is "rpp_version_system_specific_defaults", because diffent systems require different combinations of python version and packages. It is also possible to specify your own, such as c("torch==2.0.0", "transformers==4.19.2", "numpy", "pandas", "nltk", "scikit-learn", "datasets", "evaluate").
python_version

character; default is "python_version_system_specific_defaults". You can specify your Python version for the condaenv yourself. installation.
envname

character; name of the conda-environment to install text required python packages. Default is "textrpp_condaenv".
pip

TRUE to use pip for installing rpp If FALSE, conda package manager with conda-forge channel will be used for installing rpp.
python_path

character; path to Python only for virtualenvironment installation
prompt

logical; ask whether to proceed during the installation
pip_version

character;
bin

character; e.g., "python", only for virtualenvironment installation

Examples

## Not run: 
# install text required python packages in a miniconda environment (macOS and Linux)
textrpp_install(prompt = FALSE)

# install text required python packages to an existing conda environment
textrpp_install(conda = "~/anaconda/bin/")

## End(Not run)
## Not run: 
# install text required python packages in a virtual environment
textrpp_install_virtualenv()

## End(Not run)

Uninstall textrpp conda environment

Description

Removes the conda environment created by textrpp_install()

Usage

textrpp_uninstall(conda = "auto", prompt = TRUE, envname = "textrpp_condaenv")

Arguments

conda

path to conda executable, default to "auto" which automatically finds the path
prompt

logical; ask whether to proceed during the installation
envname

character; name of conda environment to remove

Semantic Similarity

Description

textSimilarity() Computes the semantic similarity between two text variables.

Usage

textSimilarity(x, y, method = "cosine", center = TRUE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed().
y

Word embeddings from textEmbed().
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed. Default is "cosine" (see also "spearmen", "pearson" as well as measures from textDistance() (which here is computed as 1 - textDistance) including "euclidean", "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski").
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the column means (omitting NAs) of x from their corresponding columns, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) columns of x by their standard deviations if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A vector comprising semantic similarity scores. The closer the value is to 1 when using the default method, "cosine", the higher the semantic similarity.

See Also

See textDistance and textSimilarityNorm.

Examples

# Compute the semantic similarity between the embeddings from "harmonytext" and "satisfactiontext".
## Not run: 
similarity_scores <- textSimilarity(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext,
  y = word_embeddings_4$texts$satisfactiontext
)

# Show information about how similarity_scores were constructed.
comment(similarity_scores)

## End(Not run)

Semantic similarity across multiple word embeddings

Description

textSimilarityMatrix computes semantic similarity scores between all combinations in a word embedding

Usage

textSimilarityMatrix(x, method = "cosine", center = TRUE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed().
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed. Default is "cosine" (see also "spearmen", "pearson" as well as measures from textDistance() (which here is computed as 1 - textDistance) including "euclidean", "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski").
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the column means (omitting NAs) of x from their corresponding columns, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) columns of x by their standard deviations if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A matrix of semantic similarity scores

See Also

see textSimilarityNorm

Examples

similarity_scores <- textSimilarityMatrix(word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext[1:3, ])
round(similarity_scores, 3)

Semantic similarity between a text variable and a word norm

Description

textSimilarityNorm() computes the semantic similarity between a text variable and a word norm (i.e., a text represented by one word embedding that represent a construct).

Usage

textSimilarityNorm(x, y, method = "cosine", center = TRUE, scale = FALSE)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed().
y

Word embedding from textEmbed (from only one text).
method

(character) Character string describing type of measure to be computed. Default is "cosine" (see also "spearmen", "pearson" as well as measures from textDistance() (which here is computed as 1 - textDistance) including "euclidean", "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" and "minkowski").
center

(boolean; from base::scale) If center is TRUE then centering is done by subtracting the column means (omitting NAs) of x from their corresponding columns, and if center is FALSE, no centering is done.
scale

(boolean; from base::scale) If scale is TRUE then scaling is done by dividing the (centered) columns of x by their standard deviations if center is TRUE, and the root mean square otherwise.

Value

A vector comprising semantic similarity scores.

See Also

see textSimilarity

Examples

## Not run: 
library(dplyr)
library(tibble)
harmonynorm <- c("harmony peace ")
satisfactionnorm <- c("satisfaction achievement")

norms <- tibble::tibble(harmonynorm, satisfactionnorm)
word_embeddings <- word_embeddings_4$texts
word_embeddings_wordnorm <- textEmbed(norms)
similarity_scores <- textSimilarityNorm(
  word_embeddings$harmonytext,
  word_embeddings_wordnorm$harmonynorm
)

## End(Not run)

Summarize texts. (experimental)

Description

Summarize texts. (experimental)

Usage

textSum(
  x,
  min_length = 10L,
  max_length = 20L,
  model = "t5-small",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "warning",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  return_text = TRUE,
  return_tensors = FALSE,
  clean_up_tokenization_spaces = FALSE,
  set_seed = 202208L
)

Arguments

x

(string) A variable or a tibble/dataframe with at least one character variable.
min_length

(explicit integer; e.g., 10L) The minimum number of tokens in the summed output.
max_length

(explicit integer higher than min_length; e.g., 20L) The maximum number of tokens in the summed output.
model

(string) Specififcation of a pre-trained language model that have been fine-tuned on a summarization task, such as ’bart-large-cnn’, ’t5-small’, ’t5-base’, ’t5-large’, ’t5-3b’, ’t5-11b’.
device

(string) Device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number.
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
return_text

(boolean) Whether or not the outputs should include the decoded text.
return_tensors

(boolean) Whether or not the output should include the prediction tensors (as token indices).
clean_up_tokenization_spaces

(boolean) Option to clean up the potential extra spaces in the returned text.
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed.

Value

A tibble with summed text(s).

See Also

see textClassify, textGeneration, textNER, textSum, textQA, textTranslate

Examples

# sum_examples <- textSum(Language_based_assessment_data_8[1:2,1:2],
# min_length = 5L,
# max_length = 10L)

Tokenize text-variables

Description

textTokenize() tokenizes according to different huggingface transformers

Usage

textTokenize(
  texts,
  model = "bert-base-uncased",
  max_token_to_sentence = 4,
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  model_max_length = NULL,
  hg_gated = FALSE,
  hg_token = Sys.getenv("HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN", unset = ""),
  trust_remote_code = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error"
)

Arguments

texts

A character variable or a tibble/dataframe with at least one character variable.
model

Character string specifying pre-trained language model (default 'bert-base-uncased'). For full list of options see pretrained models at HuggingFace. For example use "bert-base-multilingual-cased", "openai-gpt", "gpt2", "ctrl", "transfo-xl-wt103", "xlnet-base-cased", "xlm-mlm-enfr-1024", "distilbert-base-cased", "roberta-base", or "xlm-roberta-base".
max_token_to_sentence

(numeric) Maximum number of tokens in a string to handle before switching to embedding text sentence by sentence.
device

Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', 'gpu:k' or 'mps'/'mps:k' for MacOS, where k is a specific device number.
tokenizer_parallelism

If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism. Default FALSE.
model_max_length

The maximum length (in number of tokens) for the inputs to the transformer model (default the value stored for the associated model).
hg_gated

Set to TRUE if the accessed model is gated.
hg_token

The token needed to access the gated model. Create a token from the ['Settings' page](https://huggingface.co/settings/tokens) of the Hugging Face website. An an environment variable HUGGINGFACE_TOKEN can be set to avoid the need to enter the token each time.
trust_remote_code

use a model with custom code on the Huggingface Hub
logging_level

Set the logging level. Default: "warning". Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug

Value

Returns tokens according to specified huggingface transformer.

See Also

see textEmbed

Examples

# tokens <- textTokenize("hello are you?")

Tokenize and count

Description

Tokenize and count

Usage

textTokenizeAndCount(data, n_remove_threshold = 3)

Arguments

data

(string) Language to tokenise and count.
n_remove_threshold

(numeric) Threshold deciding which words to remove

Value

A word-frequency data frame (can be saved to a model object or compared in textDomainCompare).

See Also

see textDomainCompare

Examples

## Not run: 
textTokenizeAndCount(Language_based_assessment_data_8["harmonytexts"])

## End(Not run)

BERTopics

Description

textTopics creates and trains a BERTopic model (based on bertopic python packaged) on a text-variable in a tibble/data.frame. (EXPERIMENTAL)

Usage

textTopics(
  data,
  variable_name,
  embedding_model = "distilroberta",
  umap_model = "default",
  hdbscan_model = "default",
  vectorizer_model = "default",
  representation_model = "mmr",
  num_top_words = 10,
  n_gram_range = c(1, 3),
  stopwords = "english",
  min_df = 5,
  bm25_weighting = FALSE,
  reduce_frequent_words = TRUE,
  set_seed = 8,
  save_dir
)

Arguments

data

(tibble/data.frame) A tibble with a text-variable to be analysed, and optional numeric/categorical variables that you might want to use for later analyses testing the significance of topics in relation to these variables.
variable_name

(string) Name of the text-variable in the data tibble that you want to perform topic modeling on.
embedding_model

(string) Name of the embedding model to use such as "miniLM", "mpnet", "multi-mpnet", "distilroberta".
umap_model

(string) The dimension reduction algorithm, currently only "default" is supported.
hdbscan_model

(string) The clustering algorithm to use, currently only "default" is supported.
vectorizer_model

(string) Name of the vectorizer model, currently only "default" is supported.
representation_model

(string) Name of the representation model used for topics, including "keybert" or "mmr".
num_top_words

(integer) Determine the number of top words presented for each topic.
n_gram_range

(vector) Two-dimensional vector indicating the ngram range used for the vectorizer model.
stopwords

(string) Name of the stopword dictionary to use.
min_df

(integer) The minimum document frequency of terms.
bm25_weighting

(boolean) Determine whether bm25_weighting is used for ClassTfidfTransformer.
reduce_frequent_words

(boolean) Determine whether frequent words are reduced by ClassTfidfTransformer.
set_seed

(integer) The random seed for initialization of the umap model.
save_dir

(string) The directory for saving results.

Value

A folder containing the model, data, folder with terms and values for each topic, and the document-topic matrix. Moreover the model itself is returned formatted as a data.frame together with metdata. See textTopicsReduce textTopicsTest and textTopicsWordcloud.

textTopicsReduce (EXPERIMENTAL)

Description

textTopicsReduce (EXPERIMENTAL)

Usage

textTopicsReduce(
  data,
  data_var,
  n_topics = 10,
  load_path = "./results",
  save_dir,
  embedding_model = "default"
)

Arguments

data

(tibble/data.frame) A tibble with a text-variable to be analysed, and optional numeric/categorical variables that you might want to use for later analyses testing the significance of topics in relation to these variables.
data_var

(string) Name of the text-variable in the data tibble that you want to perform topic modeling on.
n_topics

(string) The dimension reduction algorithm, currently only "default" is supported.
load_path

(string) The clustering algorithm to use, currently only "default" is supported.
save_dir

(string) The directory for saving results.
embedding_model

(string) Name of the embedding model to use such as "miniLM", "mpnet", "multi-mpnet", "distilroberta".

Value

A folder containing the model, data, folder with terms and values for each topic, and the document-topic matrix. Moreover the model itself is returned formatted as a data.frame together with metdata.

See Also

See textTopics textTopicsTest and textTopicsWordcloud.

Wrapper for topicsTest function from the topics package

Description

Wrapper for topicsTest function from the topics package

Usage

textTopicsTest(
  model,
  pred_var_x = NULL,
  pred_var_y = NULL,
  group_var = NULL,
  control_vars = c(),
  test_method = "linear_regression",
  ...
)

Arguments

model

(list) The trained model
pred_var_x

(string) The x variable name to be predicted, and to be plotted (only needed for regression or correlation)
pred_var_y

(string) The y variable name to be predicted, and to be plotted (only needed for regression or correlation)
group_var

(string) The variable to group by (only needed for t-test)
control_vars

(vector) The control variables (not supported yet)
test_method

(string) The test method to use, either "correlation","t-test", "linear_regression","logistic_regression", or "ridge_regression"
...

Parameter settings from topicsTest in the topics-package.

Value

A list of the test results, test method, and prediction variable

textTopicsTest (EXPERIMENTAL) to get the hierarchical topic tree

Description

textTopicsTest (EXPERIMENTAL) to get the hierarchical topic tree

Usage

textTopicsTree(topic_model, data, data_var)

Arguments

topic_model

(list) The output from textTopics.
data

(tibble/data.frame) A tibble with the data
data_var

(string) The name of the text variable that the topic model was trained on

Value

prints a hierarchical topic tree on the console

Plot word clouds

Description

This function create word clouds and topic fugures

Usage

textTopicsWordcloud(
  model = NULL,
  ngrams = NULL,
  test = NULL,
  save_dir,
  seed = 2024,
  ...
)

Arguments

model

(list) A trained topics model. For examples from topicsModel(). Should be NULL if plotting ngrams.
ngrams

(list) The output from the the topicsGram() function . Should be NULL if plotting topics.
test

(list) The test results; if plotting according to dimension(s) include the object from topicsTest() function.
save_dir

(string) The directory to save the plots.
seed

(integer) The seed to set for reproducibility; need to be the same seed number as in in
...

Parameters from the topicsPlot() function in the topics pacakge.

Value

The function saves figures in the save_dir.

Trains word embeddings

Description

textTrain() trains word embeddings to a numeric (ridge regression) or categorical (random forest) variable.

Usage

textTrain(x, y, force_train_method = "automatic", ...)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed (or textEmbedLayerAggreation). Can analyze several variables at the same time; but if training to several outcomes at the same time use a tibble within the list as input rather than just a tibble input (i.e., keep the name of the wordembedding).
y

Numeric variable to predict. Can be several; although then make sure to have them within a tibble (this is required even if it is only one outcome but several word embeddings variables).
force_train_method

Default is "automatic", so if y is a factor random_forest is used, and if y is numeric ridge regression is used. This can be overridden using "regression" or "random_forest".
...

Arguments from textTrainRegression or textTrainRandomForest the textTrain function.

Value

A correlation between predicted and observed values; as well as a tibble of predicted values (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value, alternative-hypothesis, confidence interval, correlation coefficient).

See Also

See textTrainRegression, textTrainRandomForest and textTrainLists.

Examples

# Examines how well the embeddings from "harmonytext" can
# predict the numeric variable "hilstotal" in the pre-included
# dataset "Language_based_assessment_data_8".

## Not run: 
trained_model <- textTrain(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext,
  y = Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal
)

# Examine results (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value,
# alternative-hypothesis, confidence interval, correlation coefficient).

trained_model$results

## End(Not run)

Train lists of word embeddings

Description

textTrainLists() individually trains word embeddings from several text variables to several numeric or categorical variables.

Usage

textTrainLists(
  x,
  y,
  force_train_method = "automatic",
  save_output = "all",
  method_cor = "pearson",
  eval_measure = "rmse",
  p_adjust_method = "holm",
  ...
)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed (or textEmbedLayerAggreation). It is possible to have word embeddings from one text variable and several numeric/categorical variables; or vice verse, word embeddings from several text variables to one numeric/categorical variable. It is not possible to mix numeric and categorical variables.
y

Tibble with several numeric or categorical variables to predict. Please note that you cannot mix numeric and categorical variables.
force_train_method

(character) Default is "automatic"; see also "regression" and "random_forest".
save_output

(character) Option not to save all output; default "all". See also "only_results" and "only_results_predictions".
method_cor

(character) A character string describing type of correlation (default "Pearson").
eval_measure

(character) Type of evaluative measure to assess models on (default "rmse").
p_adjust_method

Method to adjust/correct p-values for multiple comparisons. (default = "holm"; see also "none", "hochberg", "hommel", "bonferroni", "BH", "BY", "fdr").
...

Arguments from textTrainRegression or textTrainRandomForest (the textTrain function).

Value

Correlations between predicted and observed values (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value, confidence interval, alternative hypothesis, correlation coefficient) stored in a dataframe.

See Also

See textTrain, textTrainRegression and textTrainRandomForest.

Examples

# Examines how well the embeddings from Language_based_assessment_data_8 can
# predict the numerical numerical variables in Language_based_assessment_data_8.
# The training is done combination wise, i.e., correlations are tested pair wise,
# column: 1-5,1-6,2-5,2-6, resulting in a dataframe with four rows.

## Not run: 
word_embeddings <- word_embeddings_4$texts[1:2]
ratings_data <- Language_based_assessment_data_8[5:6]

trained_model <- textTrainLists(
  x = word_embeddings,
  y = ratings_data
)

# Examine results (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value,
# alternative-hypothesis, confidence interval, correlation coefficient).

trained_model$results

## End(Not run)

Cross-validated accuracies across sample-sizes

Description

textTrainN() computes cross-validated correlations for different sample-sizes of a data set. The cross-validation process can be repeated several times to enhance the reliability of the evaluation.

Usage

textTrainN(
  x,
  y,
  sample_percents = c(25, 50, 75, 100),
  handle_word_embeddings = "individually",
  n_cross_val = 1,
  sampling_strategy = "subsets",
  use_same_penalty_mixture = TRUE,
  model = "regression",
  penalty = 10^seq(-16, 16),
  mixture = c(0),
  seed = 2024,
  ...
)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed (or textEmbedLayerAggregation). If several word embedding are provided in a list they will be concatenated.
y

Numeric variable to predict.
sample_percents

(numeric) Numeric vector that specifies the percentages of the total number of data points to include in each sample (default = c(25,50,75,100), i.e., correlations are evaluated for 25 each new sample.
handle_word_embeddings

Determine whether to use a list of word embeddings or an individual word_embedding (default = "individually", also "concatenate"). If a list of word embeddings are provided, then they will be concatenated.
n_cross_val

(numeric) Value that determines the number of times to repeat the cross-validation (i.e., number of tests). (default = 1, i.e., cross-validation is only performed once). Warning: The training process gets proportionately slower to the number of cross-validations, resulting in a time complexity that increases with a factor of n (n cross-validations).
sampling_strategy

Sample a "random" sample for each subset from all data or sample a "subset" from the larger subsets (i.e., each subset contain the same data).
use_same_penalty_mixture

If TRUE it only searches the penalty and mixture search grid once, and then use the same thereafter; if FALSE, it searches the grid every time.
model

Type of model. Default is "regression"; see also "logistic" and "multinomial" for classification.
penalty

(numeric) Hyper parameter that is tuned (default = 10^seq(-16,16)).
mixture

A number between 0 and 1 (inclusive) that reflects the proportion of L1 regularization (i.e. lasso) in the model (for more information see the linear_reg-function in the parsnip-package). When mixture = 1, it is a pure lasso model while mixture = 0 indicates that ridge regression is being used (specific engines only).
seed

(numeric) Set different seed (default = 2024).
...

Additional parameters from textTrainRegression.

Value

A tibble containing correlations for each sample. If n_cross_val > 1, correlations for each new cross-validation, along with standard-deviation, mean and standard error of correlation is included in the tibble. The information in the tibble is visualised via the textTrainNPlot function.

See Also

See textTrainNPlot.

Examples

# Compute correlations for 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the data in word_embeddings and perform
# cross-validation thrice.

## Not run: 
tibble_to_plot <- textTrainN(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext,
  y = Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal,
  sample_percents = c(25, 50, 75, 100),
  n_cross_val = 3
)

# tibble_to_plot contains correlation-coefficients for each cross_validation and
# standard deviation and mean value for each sample. The tibble can be plotted
# using the testTrainNPlot function.

# Examine tibble
tibble_to_plot

## End(Not run)

Plot cross-validated accuracies across sample sizes

Description

textTrainNPlot() plots cross-validated correlation coefficients across different sample-sizes from the object returned by the textTrainN function. If the number of cross-validations exceed one, then error-bars will be included in the plot.

Usage

textTrainNPlot(
  results_data,
  breaks = NULL,
  x_unit = "percent",
  y_range = NULL,
  title = "Cross-validated correlation coefficients across sample sizes",
  x_axes_label = "Sample Size (percent)",
  y_axes_label = "Correlation Coefficient (r)",
  point_color = "#5dc688",
  error_bar = "std_err",
  bar_color = "#60A1F7",
  line_color = "grey",
  bar_width = 1,
  bar_size = 0.8,
  line_size = 0.6,
  line_type = "straight",
  point_size = 3,
  log_transform_x = FALSE
)

Arguments

results_data

(list) One or several objects returned by the function textTrainN as a list (e.g, list(object1, object2)). Also, if several models are provided, then one can add a vector c() with settings (i.e the parameters below) for each model (make sure to add the settings in the order as the models are ordered, if you look to keep the original settings then write "").
breaks

(numeric) Vector containing the percents of the total number of data points that is included in each sample (default = NULL, which takes the breaks from the percentages). If several models are provided, then one can add a vector c() with settings for each model (make sure to add the settings in the order as the models are ordered).
x_unit

(character, "percent" or "quantity") Determines whether the x-axis-values should represent the number of elements in each sample, or the number of percent of the total data they represent (default = "percent").
y_range

(numeric) Optional. Determines the y_range. E.g, y_range = c(1,2) sets the y_range from 1 to 2 (default = NULL).
title

(character) Determine plot title (default = "Cross-validated correlation coefficients across different sample sizes").
x_axes_label

(character) Determine x-axis-label (default = "Sample Size (percent)").
y_axes_label

(character) Determine y-axis-label (default = "Correlation Coefficient (r)").
point_color

(character, (Hex color codes)) Determine point color (default = "#5dc688"). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
error_bar

Default "std_err"; see also "std", NULL. Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
bar_color

(character, (Hex color codes)) Determine error-bar color (default = "#60A1F7"). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
line_color

(character, (Hex color codes)) Determine line color (default = "grey"). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
bar_width

(numeric) Determine bar-width (default = 1). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
bar_size

(numeric) Determine bar-size (default = 1). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
line_size

(numeric) Determine line-size (default = 1). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
line_type

(character, either "straight" or "smooth") Determine line-type (default = "straight"). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
point_size

(numeric) Determine points size (default = 1). Can set a vector if several results_data are provided.
log_transform_x

(boolean) Determine wether to log-transform x in case of displaying number of samples (default = FALSE).

Value

A plot with correlation coefficient on y-axis and sample size in quantity or percent on x axis. If number och cross-validations exceed 1, then error bars measuring standard deviations will be plotted.

Plot Example

Example of a plot created by textTrainNPlot. textTrainNPlot.image.png

See Also

See textTrainN.

Examples

# Plot cross-validated correlation coefficients across different sample-sizes from the object
# returned by the textTrainN function.

## Not run: 
# Plot the performance of a single model across different sample sizes
plot_object1 <- textTrainNPlot(
  train_data = tibble_to_plot,
  n_cross_val = 3,
  x_unit = "quantity"
)

# Visualize plot
plot_object1

# Plot the performance of several models across different sample sizes.
plot_object2 <- textTrainNPlot(train_data = list(object1, object2, object3),
                               n_cross_val = c(2,1,1),
                               line_color = c("","","#0000FF")) # "" gives the default settings.
# Visualize plot
plot_object2

## End(Not run)

Trains word embeddings usig random forest

Description

textTrainRandomForest() trains word embeddings to a categorical variable using random forest.

Usage

textTrainRandomForest(
  x,
  y,
  x_append = NULL,
  append_first = FALSE,
  cv_method = "validation_split",
  outside_folds = 10,
  inside_folds = 3/4,
  strata = "y",
  outside_strata = TRUE,
  outside_breaks = 4,
  inside_strata = TRUE,
  inside_breaks = 4,
  mode_rf = "classification",
  preprocess_step_center = FALSE,
  preprocess_scale_center = FALSE,
  preprocess_PCA = NA,
  extremely_randomised_splitrule = "extratrees",
  mtry = c(1, 10, 20, 40),
  min_n = c(1, 10, 20, 40),
  trees = c(1000),
  parameter_selection_method = "first",
  eval_measure = "bal_accuracy",
  model_description = "Consider writing a description of your model here",
  multi_cores = "multi_cores_sys_default",
  save_output = "all",
  simulate.p.value = FALSE,
  seed = 2020,
  ...
)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed.
y

Categorical variable to predict.
x_append

(optional) Variables to be appended after the word embeddings (x); if wanting to preappend them before the word embeddings use the option first = TRUE. If not wanting to train with word embeddings, set x_append = NULL (default = null).
append_first

(boolean) Option to add variables before or after all word embeddings (default = FALSE).
cv_method

(character) Cross-validation method to use within a pipeline of nested outer and inner loops of folds (see nested_cv in rsample). Default is using cv_folds in the outside folds and "validation_split" using rsample::validation_split in the inner loop to achieve a development and assessment set (note that for validation_split the inside_folds should be a proportion, e.g., inside_folds = 3/4); whereas "cv_folds" uses rsample::vfold_cv to achieve n-folds in both the outer and inner loops.
outside_folds

(numeric) Number of folds for the outer folds (default = 10).
inside_folds

(numeric) Number of folds for the inner folds (default = 3/4).
strata

(string or tibble; default "y") Variable to stratify according; if a string the variable needs to be in the training set - if you want to stratify according to another variable you can include it as a tibble (please note you can only add 1 variable to stratify according). Can set it to NULL.
outside_strata

(boolean) Whether to stratify the outside folds.
outside_breaks

(numeric) The number of bins wanted to stratify a numeric stratification variable in the outer cross-validation loop (default = 4).
inside_strata

(boolean) Whether to stratify the outside folds.
inside_breaks

The number of bins wanted to stratify a numeric stratification variable in the inner cross-validation loop (default = 4).
mode_rf

Default is "classification" ("regression" is not supported yet).
preprocess_step_center

(boolean) Normalizes dimensions to have a mean of zero; default is set to FALSE For more info see (step_center in recipes).
preprocess_scale_center

(boolean) Normalizes dimensions to have a standard deviation of one; default is set to FALSE. For more info see (step_scale in recipes).
preprocess_PCA

Pre-processing threshold for PCA. Can select amount of variance to retain (e.g., .90 or as a grid c(0.80, 0.90)); or number of components to select (e.g., 10). (To skip this step, set preprocess_PCA to NA) Default is "min_halving", which is a function that selects the number of PCA components based on number of participants and feature (word embedding dimensions) in the data. The formula is: preprocess_PCA = round(max(min(number_features/2), number_participants/2), min(50, number_features))).
extremely_randomised_splitrule

Default is "extratrees", which thus implement a random forest; can also select: NULL, "gini" or "hellinger"; if these are selected your mtry settings will be overridden (see Geurts et al. (2006) Extremely randomized trees for details; and see the ranger r-package for details on implementations).
mtry

Hyper parameter that may be tuned; default: c(1, 20, 40),
min_n

Hyper parameter that may be tuned; default: c(1, 20, 40)
trees

Number of trees to use (default 1000).
parameter_selection_method

If several results are tied for different parameters (i.e., mtry or min_n), then select the "first" or the "median" order.
eval_measure

(character) Measure to evaluate the models in order to select the best hyperparameters default "roc_auc"; see also "accuracy", "bal_accuracy", "sens", "spec", "precision", "kappa", "f_measure".
model_description

(character) Text to describe your model (optional; good when sharing the model with others).
multi_cores

If TRUE it enables the use of multiple cores if the computer system allows for it (i.e., only on unix, not windows). Hence it makes the analyses considerably faster to run. Default is "multi_cores_sys_default", where it automatically uses TRUE for Mac and Linux and FALSE for Windows. Note that having it to TRUE does not enable reproducable results at the moment (i.e., cannot set seed).
save_output

(character) Option not to save all output; default "all". See also "only_results" and "only_results_predictions".
simulate.p.value

(Boolean) From fisher.test: a logical indicating whether to compute p-values by Monte Carlo simulation, in larger than 2 × 2 tables.
seed

(numeric) Set different seed (default = 2020).
...

For example settings in yardstick::accuracy to set event_level (e.g., event_level = "second").

Value

A list with roc_curve_data, roc_curve_plot, truth and predictions, preprocessing_recipe, final_model, model_description chisq and fishers test as well as evaluation measures, e.g., including accuracy, f_meas and roc_auc (for details on these measures see the yardstick r-package documentation).

See Also

See textEmbedLayerAggregation, textTrainLists and textTrainRegression.

Examples

# Examines how well the embeddings from column "harmonywords" in
# Language_based_assessment_data_8 can binarily classify gender.

## Not run: 
trained_model <- textTrainRandomForest(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonywords,
  y = as.factor(Language_based_assessment_data_8$gender),
  trees = c(1000, 1500),
  mtry = c(1), # this is short because of testing
  min_n = c(1), # this is short because of testing
  multi_cores = FALSE # This is FALSE due to CRAN testing and Windows machines.
)


# Examine results (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value,
# alternative-hypothesis, confidence interval, correlation coefficient).

trained_model$results

## End(Not run)

Train word embeddings to a numeric variable.

Description

textTrainRegression() trains word embeddings to a numeric or a factor variable.

Usage

textTrainRegression(
  x,
  y,
  x_append = NULL,
  append_first = FALSE,
  cv_method = "validation_split",
  outside_folds = 10,
  inside_folds = 3/4,
  strata = "y",
  outside_strata = TRUE,
  outside_breaks = 4,
  inside_strata = TRUE,
  inside_breaks = 4,
  model = "regression",
  eval_measure = "default",
  save_aggregated_word_embedding = FALSE,
  language_distribution = NULL,
  language_distribution_min_words = 3,
  preprocess_step_center = TRUE,
  preprocess_step_scale = TRUE,
  preprocess_PCA = NA,
  penalty = 10^seq(-6, 6),
  parameter_selection_method = "first",
  mixture = c(0),
  first_n_predictors = NA,
  impute_missing = FALSE,
  method_cor = "pearson",
  model_description = "Consider writing a description of your model here",
  multi_cores = "multi_cores_sys_default",
  save_output = "all",
  simulate.p.value = FALSE,
  seed = 2020,
  ...
)

Arguments

x

Word embeddings from textEmbed (or textEmbedLayerAggregation). If several word embedding are provided in a list they will be concatenated.
y

Numeric variable to predict.
x_append

(optional) Variables to be appended after the word embeddings (x); if wanting to preappend them before the word embeddings use the option first = TRUE. If not wanting to train with word embeddings, set x = NULL (default = NULL).
append_first

(boolean) Option to add variables before or after all word embeddings (default = False).
cv_method

(character) Cross-validation method to use within a pipeline of nested outer and inner loops of folds (see nested_cv in rsample). Default is using cv_folds in the outside folds and "validation_split" using rsample::validation_split in the inner loop to achieve a development and assessment set (note that for validation_split the inside_folds should be a proportion, e.g., inside_folds = 3/4); whereas "cv_folds" uses rsample::vfold_cv to achieve n-folds in both the outer and inner loops.
outside_folds

(numeric) Number of folds for the outer folds (default = 10).
inside_folds

(numeric) The proportion of data to be used for modeling/analysis; (default proportion = 3/4). For more information see validation_split in rsample.
strata

(string or tibble; default "y") Variable to stratify according; if a string the variable needs to be in the training set - if you want to stratify according to another variable you can include it as a tibble (please note you can only add 1 variable to stratify according). Can set it to NULL.
outside_strata

(boolean) Whether to stratify the outside folds.
outside_breaks

(numeric) The number of bins wanted to stratify a numeric stratification variable in the outer cross-validation loop (default = 4).
inside_strata

Whether to stratify the outside folds.
inside_breaks

The number of bins wanted to stratify a numeric stratification variable in the inner cross-validation loop (default = 4).
model

Type of model. Default is "regression"; see also "logistic" and "multinomial" for classification.
eval_measure

(character) Type of evaluative measure to select models from. Default = "rmse" for regression and "bal_accuracy" for logistic. For regression use "rsq" or "rmse"; and for classification use "accuracy", "bal_accuracy", "sens", "spec", "precision", "kappa", "f_measure", or "roc_auc",(for more details see the yardstick package).
save_aggregated_word_embedding

(boolean) If TRUE, the aggregated word embeddings (mean, min, and max) are saved for comparison with other language input when the model is applied to other types of data.
language_distribution

(Character column) If you provide the raw language data used for making the embeddings, the language distribution (i.e., a word and frequency table) will be saved to the model object. This enables calculating similarity scores when the model is being applied to new language domains. Note that this saves the individual words, which, if you are analyzing sensitive data, can be problematic from a privacy perspective; to some extent this can be mitigated by increasing the number of words needed to be saved.
language_distribution_min_words

(numeric) Minimum number a words need to occur in the data set to be saved to the language distribution.
preprocess_step_center

(boolean) Normalizes dimensions to have a mean of zero; default is set to TRUE. For more info see (step_center in recipes).
preprocess_step_scale

(boolean) Normalize dimensions to have a standard deviation of one; default is set to TRUE. For more info see (step_scale in recipes).
preprocess_PCA

Pre-processing threshold for PCA (to skip this step set it to NA). Can select amount of variance to retain (e.g., .90 or as a grid c(0.80, 0.90)); or number of components to select (e.g., 10). Default is "min_halving", which is a function that selects the number of PCA components based on number of participants and feature (word embedding dimensions) in the data. The formula is: preprocess_PCA = round(max(min(number_features/2), number_participants/2), min(50, number_features))).
penalty

(numeric) Hyper parameter that is tuned (default = 10^seq(-16,16)).
parameter_selection_method

If several results are tied for different parameters (i.e., penalty or mixture), then select the "first" or the "median" order.
mixture

A number between 0 and 1 (inclusive) that reflects the proportion of L1 regularization (i.e. lasso) in the model (for more information see the linear_reg-function in the parsnip-package). When mixture = 1, it is a pure lasso model while mixture = 0 indicates that ridge regression is being used (specific engines only).
first_n_predictors

By default this setting is turned off (i.e., NA). To use this method, set it to the highest number of predictors you want to test. Then the X first dimensions are used in training, using a sequence from Kjell et al., 2019 paper in Psychological Methods. Adding 1, then multiplying by 1.3 and finally rounding to the nearest integer (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 8). This option is currently only possible for one embedding at the time.
impute_missing

Default FALSE (can be set to TRUE if something else than word_embeddings are trained).
method_cor

Type of correlation used in evaluation (default "pearson"; can set to "spearman" or "kendall").
model_description

(character) Text to describe your model (optional; good when sharing the model with others).
multi_cores

If TRUE it enables the use of multiple cores if the computer system allows for it (i.e., only on unix, not windows). Hence it makes the analyses considerably faster to run. Default is "multi_cores_sys_default", where it automatically uses TRUE for Mac and Linux and FALSE for Windows.
save_output

(character) Option not to save all output; default = "all". see also "only_results" and "only_results_predictions".
simulate.p.value

(Boolean) From fisher.test: a logical indicating whether to compute p-values by Monte Carlo simulation, in larger than 2 × 2 tables.
seed

(numeric) Set different seed (default = 2020).
...

For example settings in yardstick::accuracy to set event_level (e.g., event_level = "second").

Details

By default, NAs are treated as follows: 1. rows with NAs in word embeddings are removed. 2. rows with NAs in y are removed 3. rows with NAs in x_append are removed; if impute_missing is set to TRUE, missing values will be imputed using k-nearest neighbours. When rows are omitted, the user will get a warning. The CV predictions will include NAs with the same length as the input.

Value

A (one-sided) correlation test between predicted and observed values; tibble of predicted values (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value, alternative-hypothesis, confidence interval, correlation coefficient), as well as information about the model (preprossing_recipe, final_model and model_description).

See Also

See textEmbedLayerAggregation, textTrainLists and textTrainRandomForest.

Examples

# Examines how well the embeddings from the column "harmonytext" can
# predict the numerical values in the column "hilstotal".

## Not run: 
trained_model <- textTrainRegression(
  x = word_embeddings_4$texts$harmonytext,
  y = Language_based_assessment_data_8$hilstotal,
  multi_cores = FALSE # This is FALSE due to CRAN testing and Windows machines.
)

# Examine results (t-value, degree of freedom (df), p-value, alternative-hypothesis,
# confidence interval, correlation coefficient).

trained_model$results

## End(Not run)

Translation. (experimental)

Description

Translation. (experimental)

Usage

textTranslate(
  x,
  source_lang = "",
  target_lang = "",
  model = "xlm-roberta-base",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "warning",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  return_tensors = FALSE,
  return_text = TRUE,
  clean_up_tokenization_spaces = FALSE,
  set_seed = 202208L,
  max_length = 400
)

Arguments

x

(string) The text to be translated.
source_lang

(string) The input language. Might be needed for multilingual models (it will not have any effect for single pair translation models). using ISO 639-1 Code, such as: "en", "zh", "es", "fr", "de", "it", "sv", "da", "nn".
target_lang

(string) The desired language output. Might be required for multilingual models (will not have any effect for single pair translation models).
model

(string) Specify a pre-trained language model that have been fine-tuned on a translation task.
device

(string) Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
return_tensors

(boolean) Whether or not to include the predictions' tensors as token indices in the outputs.
return_text

(boolean) Whether or not to also output the decoded texts.
clean_up_tokenization_spaces

(boolean) Whether or not to clean the output from potential extra spaces.
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed.
max_length

Set max length of text to be translated

Value

A tibble with transalted text.

See Also

see textClassify, textGeneration, textNER, textSum, and textQA

Examples

# translation_example <- text::textTranslate(
#  Language_based_assessment_data_8[1,1:2],
#  source_lang = "en",
#  target_lang = "fr",
#  model = "t5-base")

Zero Shot Classification (Experimental)

Description

Zero Shot Classification (Experimental)

Usage

textZeroShot(
  sequences,
  candidate_labels,
  hypothesis_template = "This example is {}.",
  multi_label = FALSE,
  model = "",
  device = "cpu",
  tokenizer_parallelism = FALSE,
  logging_level = "error",
  force_return_results = FALSE,
  set_seed = 202208L
)

Arguments

sequences

(string) The sequence(s) to classify (not that they will be truncated if the model input is too large).
candidate_labels

(string) The set of class labels that is possible in the to classification of each sequence. It may be a single label, a string of comma-separated labels, or a list of labels.
hypothesis_template

(string; optional) The template that is used for turning each of the label into an NLI-style hypothesis. This template must include a "" or similar syntax so that the candidate label can be inserted into the template. For example, the default template is "This example is ." With the candidate label "sports", this would be fed into the model like "<cls> sequence to classify <sep> This example is sports . <sep>". The default template works well in many cases, but it may be worthwhile to experiment with different templates depending on the task setting (see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/).
multi_label

(boolean; optional) It indicates whether multiple candidate labels can be true. If FALSE, the scores are normalized such that the sum of the label likelihoods for each sequence is 1. If TRUE, the labels are considered independent and probabilities are normalized for each candidate by doing a softmax of the entailment score vs. the contradiction score.
model

(string) Specify a pre-trained language model that have been fine-tuned on a translation task.
device

(string) Name of device to use: 'cpu', 'gpu', or 'gpu:k' where k is a specific device number
tokenizer_parallelism

(boolean) If TRUE this will turn on tokenizer parallelism.
logging_level

(string) Set the logging level. Options (ordered from less logging to more logging): critical, error, warning, info, debug
force_return_results

(boolean) Stop returning some incorrectly formatted/structured results. This setting does CANOT evaluate the actual results (whether or not they make sense, exist, etc.). All it does is to ensure the returned results are formatted correctly (e.g., does the question-answering dictionary contain the key "answer", is sentiments from textClassify containing the labels "positive" and "negative").
set_seed

(Integer) Set seed.

Value

A tibble with the result with the following keys: sequence (string) The imputed sequence. labels (string) The labels sorted in the order of likelihood. scores (numeric) The probabilities for each of the labels.

See Also

see textClassify, textGeneration, textNER, textSum, textQA, textTranslate

Examples

# ZeroShot_example <- text::textZeroShot(sequences = c("I play football",
# "The forest is wonderful"),
# candidate_labels = c("sport", "nature", "research"),
# model = "facebook/bart-large-mnli")

Word embeddings for 4 text variables for 40 participants

Description

The dataset is a shortened version of the data sets of Study 3-5 from Kjell, Kjell, Garcia and Sikström 2018.

Usage

word_embeddings_4

Format

A list with word embeddings for harmony words, satisfaction words, harmony text, satisfaction text and decontextualized word embeddings. BERT-base embeddings based on mean aggregation of layer 11 and 12.

words

words

n

word frequency

Dim1:Dim768

Word embeddings dimensions

Source

https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/er6t7/