| Title: | Fundamental Formulas for Sonar |
|---|---|
| Description: | Formulas for calculating sound velocity, water pressure, depth, density, absorption and sonar equations. |
| Authors: | Jose Gama [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Jose Gama <[email protected]> |
| License: | GPL (>= 3) |
| Version: | 1.0.2 |
| Built: | 2024-12-14 06:44:14 UTC |
| Source: | CRAN |
Returns the absorption in sea water from Ainslie and McColm 1998
AbsorptionAlphaAinslieMcColm(f, temperatureC, S, D, pH)AbsorptionAlphaAinslieMcColm(f, temperatureC, S, D, pH)
f |
frequency (kHz) |
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C |
S |
salinity in % |
D |
depth in meters |
pH |
pH |
the absorption
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/
Ainslie and McColm 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 3
AbsorptionAlphaAinslieMcColm(20, 0, 30, 0, 7)AbsorptionAlphaAinslieMcColm(20, 0, 30, 0, 7)
Returns the absorption in sea water from Fisher and Simmons 1977
AbsorptionAlphaFisherSimmons(f, temperatureC, D)AbsorptionAlphaFisherSimmons(f, temperatureC, D)
f |
frequency (kHz) |
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C |
D |
depth in meters |
the absorption
Jose Gama
Fisher and Simmons, 1977 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 62, No. 3, September 1977
AbsorptionAlphaFisherSimmons(20, 0, 1)AbsorptionAlphaFisherSimmons(20, 0, 1)
Returns the absorption of sound in fresh water From Francois & Garrison 1982 Total absorption = Pure Water Contrib.
AbsorptionSoundFreshWaterFrancoisGarrison(SonarFreq, temperatureC, D)AbsorptionSoundFreshWaterFrancoisGarrison(SonarFreq, temperatureC, D)
SonarFreq |
sonar frequency (kHz) |
temperatureC |
temperature (degC) |
D |
depth in meters |
the absorption of sound
Jose Gama
Echoview, 2016 Sonar calculator algorithms http://support.echoview.com/WebHelp/Reference/Algorithms/Sonar_calculator_algorithms.htm
Francois & Garrison 1982 Sound absorption based on ocean measurements: Part I:Pure water and magnesium sulfate contributions J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 72, No. 6
AbsorptionSoundFreshWaterFrancoisGarrison(50, 0, 0)AbsorptionSoundFreshWaterFrancoisGarrison(50, 0, 0)
Returns the absorption of sound in sea water From Francois & Garrison 1982 Total absorption = Boric Acid Contrib. + Magnesium Sulphate Contrib. + Pure Water Contrib.
AbsorptionSoundSeaWaterFrancoisGarrison(SonarFreq, temperatureC, Salinity, D, pH)AbsorptionSoundSeaWaterFrancoisGarrison(SonarFreq, temperatureC, Salinity, D, pH)
SonarFreq |
sonar frequency (kHz) |
temperatureC |
temperature (degC) |
Salinity |
Salinity (ppt) |
D |
depth in meters |
pH |
pH |
the absorption of sound
Jose Gama
NPL, 2016 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/
Francois & Garrison 1982 Sound absorption based on ocean measurements: Part I:Pure water and magnesium sulfate contributions J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 72, No. 6
AbsorptionSoundSeaWaterFrancoisGarrison(50, 0, 35, 0, 6)AbsorptionSoundSeaWaterFrancoisGarrison(50, 0, 35, 0, 6)
Returns the total intensity of the sound in a band for flat spectrum
BandLevelFlatSpectrum(SpL, deltaf)BandLevelFlatSpectrum(SpL, deltaf)
SpL |
spectrum level |
deltaf |
band frequency |
band level (BL)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 10.
BandLevelFlatSpectrum( 3, 2 )BandLevelFlatSpectrum( 3, 2 )
Returns the band level from integrating the intensity over the complete band
BandLevelFromCompleteBand(I0, f1, f2)BandLevelFromCompleteBand(I0, f1, f2)
I0 |
spectrum level |
f1 |
lower frequency |
f2 |
upper frequency |
band level (BL)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 10.
BandLevelFromCompleteBand( 10000, 40000, 50000 )BandLevelFromCompleteBand( 10000, 40000, 50000 )
Returns the basic active sonar equation SE = (SL + TS - 2 * PL) - N - DT
BasicActiveSonarEquation(SL, TS, PL, N, DT)BasicActiveSonarEquation(SL, TS, PL, N, DT)
SL |
is the source level of the target |
TS |
target strength |
PL |
propagation loss |
N |
noise |
DT |
detection threshold |
SE signal excess (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 120.
Returns the basic passive sonar equation SE = (SL - PL) - N = DT
BasicPassiveSonarEquation(SL, PL, N)BasicPassiveSonarEquation(SL, PL, N)
SL |
is the source level of the target |
PL |
propagation loss |
N |
noise |
SE signal excess (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 120.
Returns the basic sonar equation SE = S - N + DT
BasicSonarEquation(S, N, DT)BasicSonarEquation(S, N, DT)
S |
signal |
N |
noise |
DT |
detection threshold |
SE signal excess (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 120.
Returns the Cavitation threshold estimate as a function of depth line passing by (5, 2) and (50, 50)
CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfDepth(d)CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfDepth(d)
d |
depth (meters) |
Cavitation threshold
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 6.
CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfDepth( 1 )CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfDepth( 1 )
Returns the Cavitation threshold estimate as a function of radiated acoustic power intensity line passing by (2, 5) and (50, 50)
CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfRadiatedAcousticPowerIntensity(Ir)CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfRadiatedAcousticPowerIntensity(Ir)
Ir |
radiated acoustic power intensity |
Cavitation threshold
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 6.
CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfRadiatedAcousticPowerIntensity ( 1000 )CavitationThresholdEstimateFunctionOfRadiatedAcousticPowerIntensity ( 1000 )
Corrective terms to be added for obtaining depth (m) from pressure (MPa)
CorrectiveTermsDepthFromPressureCorrectiveTermsDepthFromPressure
dataframe with 13 rows and 5 columns:
Number
Area of applicability
Expression for deltaf
Latitude in degrees
Accuracy
Jose Gama
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Depth-pressure relationship in the oceans and seas. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103(3) pp 1346-1352
Corrective terms to be added for obtaining pressure (MPa) from depth (m)
CorrectiveTermsPressureFromDepthCorrectiveTermsPressureFromDepth
dataframe with 14 rows and 5 columns:
Number
Area of applicability
Expression for deltaf
Latitude in degrees
Accuracy
Jose Gama
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Depth-pressure relationship in the oceans and seas. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103(3) pp 1346-1352
Returns the cutoff frequency in shallow water from Jensen et Al 2011
CutoffFrequencyShallowWater(Cw, Cb, D)CutoffFrequencyShallowWater(Cw, Cb, D)
Cw |
velocity of sound in water |
Cb |
velocity of sound in homogeneous bottom |
D |
depth in meters |
the cutoff frequency (Hz)
Jose Gama
Finn B. Jensen, William A. Kuperman, Michael B. Porter, Henrik Schmidt, 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics, 2nd Edition. Springer. pp. 29
CutoffFrequencyShallowWater(3000, 2500, 1)CutoffFrequencyShallowWater(3000, 2500, 1)
Returns the cutoff frequency in water from Jensen et Al 2011
CutoffFrequencyWater(Cw, D)CutoffFrequencyWater(Cw, D)
Cw |
velocity of sound in water |
D |
depth in meters of isothermal surface layer |
the cutoff frequency (Hz)
Jose Gama
Finn B. Jensen, William A. Kuperman, Michael B. Porter, Henrik Schmidt, 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics, 2nd Edition. Springer. pp. 26
CutoffFrequencyWater(3000, 1)CutoffFrequencyWater(3000, 1)
Returns the Depth To Pressure from Leroy Parthiot 1998
DepthToPressureLeroyParthiot(D, latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)DepthToPressureLeroyParthiot(D, latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)
D |
depth in meters |
latitude |
latitude in degrees |
CorrectiveTerm |
optional corrective term |
the Pressure
Jose Gama
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Depth-pressure relationship in the oceans and seas (1998) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103(3) pp 1346-1352
DepthToPressureLeroyParthiot(0, 0)DepthToPressureLeroyParthiot(0, 0)
Returns the Detection index
DetectionIndex(S, N)DetectionIndex(S, N)
S |
signal |
N |
noise |
Detection index
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 120.
Returns the number of milliliters or drops of stabilizer are needed to stabilize a certain amount of fuel
fuelStabilizer(Lfuel, mLstabilizer = 25, Lstabilizer2fuel = 20, dropml = 0.05)fuelStabilizer(Lfuel, mLstabilizer = 25, Lstabilizer2fuel = 20, dropml = 0.05)
Lfuel |
numeric, liters of fuel to stabilize |
mLstabilizer |
numeric, manufacturer's recommended milliliters of stabilizer per liters of fuel |
Lstabilizer2fuel |
numeric, manufacturer's recommended liters of fuel per mms of stabilizer |
dropml |
numeric, how many milliliters per drop |
the number of milliliters or drops of stabilizer
Jose Gama
# liqui moly, petrol stabilizer CNG/LPG gasoline stabilizer # 25ml of stabilizer are the recommended amount for 20 litres of gasoline # stabilizer for 1l of gasoline fuelStabilizer(1) # stabilizer for 0.5l of gasoline fuelStabilizer(0.5)# liqui moly, petrol stabilizer CNG/LPG gasoline stabilizer # 25ml of stabilizer are the recommended amount for 20 litres of gasoline # stabilizer for 1l of gasoline fuelStabilizer(1) # stabilizer for 0.5l of gasoline fuelStabilizer(0.5)
Returns the Hydrophone Sensitivity
HydrophoneSensitivity(p, v)HydrophoneSensitivity(p, v)
p |
sound pressure in micropascals at the hydrophone |
v |
voltage at the open circuit terminals |
Hydrophone Sensitivity (dB/V)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 9.
HydrophoneSensitivity( 1000, 2 )HydrophoneSensitivity( 1000, 2 )
Returns the average gravity at certain latitude
InternationalFormulaForGravity(latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)InternationalFormulaForGravity(latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)
latitude |
latitude in degrees |
CorrectiveTerm |
optional corrective term |
the average gravity
Jose Gama
Fofonoff and R.C. Millard, 1983 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
Saunders P.M., Fofonoff N.P., 1976 Conversion of pressure to depth in the ocean. Deep Sea Research 23:109-111.
InternationalFormulaForGravity(0)InternationalFormulaForGravity(0)
Returns the Maximum radiated power to avoid cavitation
MaximumRadiatedPowerToAvoidCavitation(radiatingSurfaceArea, cavitationThreshold)MaximumRadiatedPowerToAvoidCavitation(radiatingSurfaceArea, cavitationThreshold)
radiatingSurfaceArea |
Radiating surface area |
cavitationThreshold |
Cavitation threshold |
Maximum radiated power
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 5.
MaximumRadiatedPowerToAvoidCavitation( 50, 0.7 )MaximumRadiatedPowerToAvoidCavitation( 50, 0.7 )
Returns the attenuation coeficient of absorption losses due to molecular relaxation
MolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficientMolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficient
dataframe with 3 rows and 11 columns:
numeric, temperature in degrees Celsius
attenuation coeficient for 0.5 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 1 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 2 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 5 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 10 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 20 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 50 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 100 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 200 kHz
attenuation coeficient for 500 kHz
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 47.
Returns the Molecular relaxation attenuation coeficient approximation
MolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficientApproximation(f)MolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficientApproximation(f)
f |
frequency (Hz) |
alpha Molecular relaxation attenuation coeficient
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 47.
MolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficientApproximation( 1000 )MolecularRelaxationAttenuationCoeficientApproximation( 1000 )
Returns the peak pressure of the incident and reflected pulses
PeakTS(Pr, Pi)PeakTS(Pr, Pi)
Pr |
pressure of the reflected pulse |
Pi |
pressure of the incident pulse |
Target Strength (TS)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 68.
PeakTS( 900, 1000 )PeakTS( 900, 1000 )
Returns the intensity
PlaneWaveIntensity(p, rho, C)PlaneWaveIntensity(p, rho, C)
p |
pressure (Pa or N/m2) |
rho |
fluid density = 10^3kg/m^3 for sea water |
C |
velocity of sound wave propagation = 1.5 x 10^3m/s in sea water |
intensity of the wave (power / unit area) (Watt / m^2)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 3.
PlaneWaveIntensity( 1e3, 1.5e3, 1)PlaneWaveIntensity( 1e3, 1.5e3, 1)
Returns the pressure
PlaneWavePressure(rho, C, u)PlaneWavePressure(rho, C, u)
rho |
fluid density = 10^3kg/m^3 for sea water |
C |
velocity of sound wave propagation = 1.5 x 10^3m/s in sea water |
u |
particle velocity (m/s) |
pressure (Pa or N/m2)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 2.
PlaneWavePressure( 1e3, 1.5e3, 1)PlaneWavePressure( 1e3, 1.5e3, 1)
Returns the PL to range r cylindrical spreading law in logarithmic form
PLcylindricalSpreadingLaw(r)PLcylindricalSpreadingLaw(r)
r |
radius (meters) |
Propagation loss (PL) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 45.
PLcylindricalSpreadingLaw( 1000 )PLcylindricalSpreadingLaw( 1000 )
Returns the PL Spherical Spreading and Absorption
PLSphericalSpreadingAndAbsorption(r, alpha)PLSphericalSpreadingAndAbsorption(r, alpha)
r |
radius (meters) |
alpha |
Molecular relaxation attenuation coeficient |
Propagation loss (PL) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 48.
PLSphericalSpreadingAndAbsorption( 1000, 0.9 )PLSphericalSpreadingAndAbsorption( 1000, 0.9 )
Returns the PL to range r spherical spreading law in logarithmic form
PLsphericalSpreadingLaw(r)PLsphericalSpreadingLaw(r)
r |
radius (meters) |
Propagation loss (PL) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 44.
PLsphericalSpreadingLaw( 1000 )PLsphericalSpreadingLaw( 1000 )
Returns the Power cylindrical spreading law
PowerCylindricalSpreadingLaw(r, h, Ir)PowerCylindricalSpreadingLaw(r, h, Ir)
r |
radius (meters) |
h |
distance between 2 planes (meters) |
Ir |
intensity at radius r |
total power (Watts)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 45.
PowerCylindricalSpreadingLaw( 1000, 100, 500 )PowerCylindricalSpreadingLaw( 1000, 100, 500 )
Returns the Power spherical spreading law
PowerSphericalSpreadingLaw(r, Ir)PowerSphericalSpreadingLaw(r, Ir)
r |
radius (meters) |
Ir |
intensity at radius r |
total power (Watts)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 44.
PowerSphericalSpreadingLaw( 1000, 500 )PowerSphericalSpreadingLaw( 1000, 500 )
Returns the pressure in the Baltic from Leroy 1969
PressureBalticSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)PressureBalticSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)
Z |
depth in meters |
lat |
latitude n degrees |
the pressure
Jose Gama
Leroy C. C. 1969 Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculations of the speed of sound in sea water J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 216-226.
PressureBalticSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)PressureBalticSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)
Returns the pressure in the Black Sea from Leroy 1969
PressureBlackSeaSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)PressureBlackSeaSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)
Z |
depth in meters |
lat |
latitude n degrees |
the pressure
Jose Gama
Leroy C. C. 1969 Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculations of the speed of sound in sea water J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 216-226.
PressureBlackSeaSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)PressureBlackSeaSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)
Returns the pressure in water (Leroy simplified modified) from Lovett 1978
PressureModifiedSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)PressureModifiedSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)
Z |
depth in meters |
lat |
latitude n degrees |
the pressure
Jose Gama
Lovett, J.R. 1978 Merged seawater sound-speed equations J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 63, 1713-18.
PressureModifiedSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)PressureModifiedSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)
Returns the pressure in water simplified from Leroy 1969
PressureSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)PressureSimplifiedLeroy(Z, lat)
Z |
depth in meters |
lat |
latitude n degrees |
the pressure
Jose Gama
Leroy C. C. 1969 Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculations of the speed of sound in sea water J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 216-226.
PressureSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)PressureSimplifiedLeroy(0, 0)
Returns the Pressure To Depth from Leroy Parthiot 1998
PressureToDepthLeroyParthiot(P, latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)PressureToDepthLeroyParthiot(P, latitude, CorrectiveTerm = NA)
P |
pressure in MPa (relative to atmospheric pressure) |
latitude |
latitude in degrees |
CorrectiveTerm |
optional corrective term |
the depth
Jose Gama
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
C. C. Leroy and F Parthiot, 1998 Depth-pressure relationship in the oceans and seas (1998) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103(3) pp 1346-1352
PressureToDepthLeroyParthiot(0.1, 0)PressureToDepthLeroyParthiot(0.1, 0)
Returns the Pressure To Depth from Saunders and Fofonoff 1992 CHECKVALUE: DEPTH = 9712.653 M FOR P=10000 DECIBARS, LATITUDE=30 DEG ABOVE FOR STANDARD OCEAN: T=O DEG. CELSIUS; S=35 (PSS-78)
PressureToDepthSaundersFofonoff(P, latitude)PressureToDepthSaundersFofonoff(P, latitude)
P |
pressure in MPa (relative to atmospheric pressure) |
latitude |
latitude in degrees |
the depth
Jose Gama
Unesco, 1983 Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, 1983. Unesco Tech. Pap. in Mar. Sci., No. 44, 53 pp.
Saunders P.M., Fofonoff N.P., 1976 Conversion of pressure to depth in the ocean. Deep Sea Research 23:109-111
PressureToDepthSaundersFofonoff(0.1, 0)PressureToDepthSaundersFofonoff(0.1, 0)
Returns the Projector Sensitivity Power
ProjectorSensitivityPower(I1, Ir, P)ProjectorSensitivityPower(I1, Ir, P)
I1 |
intensity of source at standard range |
Ir |
reference intensity |
P |
power (Watt) |
response Sv (dB/V)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 9.
ProjectorSensitivityPower( 10000, 15000, 0.7 )ProjectorSensitivityPower( 10000, 15000, 0.7 )
Returns the Projector Sensitivity Voltage
ProjectorSensitivityVoltage(I1, Ir, v)ProjectorSensitivityVoltage(I1, Ir, v)
I1 |
intensity of source at standard range |
Ir |
reference intensity |
v |
Voltage |
response Sv (dB/V)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 9.
ProjectorSensitivityVoltage( 10000, 15000, 0.7 )ProjectorSensitivityVoltage( 10000, 15000, 0.7 )
Returns the Propagation loss (PL)
PropagationLoss(I0, Ir)PropagationLoss(I0, Ir)
I0 |
intensity of the source to a point one metre from its acoustic centre |
Ir |
is the intensity at the receiver |
Propagation loss (PL) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 43.
PropagationLoss( 1000, 500 )PropagationLoss( 1000, 500 )
Returns the Sonar Range Resolution CHIRP
RangeResolutionCHIRP(SonarBandwidth, Cw)RangeResolutionCHIRP(SonarBandwidth, Cw)
SonarBandwidth |
Sonar Bandwidth |
Cw |
Velocity of sound |
the Sonar Range Resolution
Jose Gama
RangeResolutionCHIRP(1, 343)RangeResolutionCHIRP(1, 343)
Returns the Sonar Range Resolution for monotonic acoustic systems
RangeResolutionMonotonic(SonarPulseDuration, Cw)RangeResolutionMonotonic(SonarPulseDuration, Cw)
SonarPulseDuration |
Sonar Pulse Duration |
Cw |
Velocity of sound |
the Sonar Range Resolution
Jose Gama
RangeResolutionMonotonic(1, 343)RangeResolutionMonotonic(1, 343)
Returns the SL of a directional projector
SLdirectionalProjector(P, DIt)SLdirectionalProjector(P, DIt)
P |
power output (watts) |
DIt |
transmit directivity index (dB) |
SL of a directional projector
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 4.
SLdirectionalProjector( 700, 0.7 )SLdirectionalProjector( 700, 0.7 )
Returns the SL of an omnidirectional projector
SLomnidirectionalProjector(P)SLomnidirectionalProjector(P)
P |
omnidirectional power output (watts) |
source level (SL)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 4.
SLomnidirectionalProjector( 1000 )SLomnidirectionalProjector( 1000 )
Returns the sonar equation EL = SL - 2PL + TS
SonarEquation(SL, PL, TS)SonarEquation(SL, PL, TS)
SL |
source level |
PL |
propagation loss |
TS |
target strength |
EL echo level
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 68.
Returns the source level (SL)
SourceLevel(I1, Ir)SourceLevel(I1, Ir)
I1 |
intensity of source at standard range |
Ir |
reference intensity |
source level (SL)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 4.
SourceLevel( 1000, 1100)SourceLevel( 1000, 1100)
Returns the source level to avoid cavitation
SourceLevelToAvoidCavitation(f, DIt)SourceLevelToAvoidCavitation(f, DIt)
f |
frequency (Hz) |
DIt |
transmit directivity index (dB) |
source level SL (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 5.
SourceLevelToAvoidCavitation( 20000, 0.7 )SourceLevelToAvoidCavitation( 20000, 0.7 )
Data on Speed of Sound Algorithm Parameter Ranges
SpeedAlgorithmParameterRangesSpeedAlgorithmParameterRanges
dataframe with 10 rows and 10 columns:
Reference
Temperature Range (C) Min
Temperature Range (C) Min
Salinity Range (ppt) min
Salinity Range (ppt) max
Pressure or Depth Range min
Pressure or Depth Range max
Pressure or Depth Range units
Standard Error
Number of Terms
Jose Gama
Paul C. Etter, 2013 Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation, Fourth Edition pp. 28. CRC Press
Returns the speed of sound from wavelength and frequency
SpeedOfSound(lambda, f)SpeedOfSound(lambda, f)
lambda |
numeric, wavelength (meters) |
f |
numeric, frequency (Hz) |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 1.
SpeedOfSound( 5, 70)SpeedOfSound( 5, 70)
Returns the speed of sound in humid air at sea level air density and known atmospheric pressure
SpeedOfSoundAir(temperatureC, Hr, pressurekPa)SpeedOfSoundAir(temperatureC, Hr, pressurekPa)
temperatureC |
numeric, temperature in degrees Celsius in the range -30 C to 43 C |
Hr |
numeric, relative humidity, accurate to within 0.1% for temperatures |
pressurekPa |
numeric, atmospheric pressure in kPa |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Kleeman L. & Kuc R., 2008 Springer Handbook of Robotics, Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib (Eds.) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp.496 eq (21.8).
#Speed of sound (Humid air, at sea level air density) #temperature 20 C, 90\% relative humidity, 101 kPa atmosphere pressure SpeedOfSoundAir(20, 0.9, 101)#Speed of sound (Humid air, at sea level air density) #temperature 20 C, 90\% relative humidity, 101 kPa atmosphere pressure SpeedOfSoundAir(20, 0.9, 101)
Returns the speed of sound in dry air at sea level air density and one atmosphere pressure
SpeedOfSoundDryAir(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundDryAir(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
numeric, temperature in degrees Celsius accurate to within 1% |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Kleeman L. & Kuc R., 2008 Springer Handbook of Robotics, Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib (Eds.) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp.496 eq (21.6).
#Speed of sound (dry air, at sea level air density, one atmosphere pressure) #temperature 20 C SpeedOfSoundDryAir(20)#Speed of sound (dry air, at sea level air density, one atmosphere pressure) #temperature 20 C SpeedOfSoundDryAir(20)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-95C, D = 0, error +-0.015
SpeedOfSoundFreshWaterGrossoMader(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundFreshWaterGrossoMader(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://support.echoview.com/WebHelp/Reference/Algorithms/Sonar_calculator_algorithms.htm
Del Grosso, VA and Mader C.W., 1972 Speed of sound in pure water. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 52, 1442-6.
SpeedOfSoundFreshWaterGrossoMader(25)SpeedOfSoundFreshWaterGrossoMader(25)
Returns the speed of sound in Humid air at sea level air density and one atmosphere pressure
SpeedOfSoundHumidAir(temperatureC, Hr)SpeedOfSoundHumidAir(temperatureC, Hr)
temperatureC |
numeric, temperature in degrees Celsius in the range -30 C to 43 C |
Hr |
numeric, relative humidity, accurate to within 0.1% for temperatures |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Kleeman L. & Kuc R., 2008 Springer Handbook of Robotics, Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib (Eds.) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp.496 eq (21.7).
#Speed of sound (Humid air, at sea level air density, one atmosphere pressure) #temperature 20 C, 90\% relative humidity SpeedOfSoundHumidAir(20, 0.9)#Speed of sound (Humid air, at sea level air density, one atmosphere pressure) #temperature 20 C, 90\% relative humidity SpeedOfSoundHumidAir(20, 0.9)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) from Kinsler et al accurate to within 0.05% for 0<=T<=100 C and 0<=P<=200 bar
SpeedOfSoundKinslerEtal(PressureBar, temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundKinslerEtal(PressureBar, temperatureC)
PressureBar |
Pressure in bars (1 bar = 100 kPa) |
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
L. Kinsler, A. Frey, A. Coppens, J. Sanders, 1982 Fundamentals of Acoustics, Third Edition New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 121 (5.6.8)
SpeedOfSoundKinslerEtal(1, 20)SpeedOfSoundKinslerEtal(1, 20)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-40C, 0.1 - 60 MPa
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBelogolskiiSekoyanEtal(temperatureC, pressureMegaPascals)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBelogolskiiSekoyanEtal(temperatureC, pressureMegaPascals)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
pressureMegaPascals |
pressure in mega Pascals |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
Belogolskii, Sekoyan et al, 1999 Pressure dependence of the sound velocity in distilled water, Measurement Techniques, Vol 42, No 4, pp 406-413.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBelogolskiiSekoyanEtal(25, 1)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBelogolskiiSekoyanEtal(25, 1)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-100 OC at atmospheric pressure
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong112(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong112(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
Bilaniuk and Wong 1993 Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93(3) pp 1609-1612 Bilaniuk and Wong 1996 Erratum: Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1609-1612 (1993)], J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99(5), p 3257.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong112(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong112(20)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-100 OC at atmospheric pressure
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong148(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong148(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
Bilaniuk and Wong 1993 Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93(3) pp 1609-1612 Bilaniuk and Wong 1996 Erratum: Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1609-1612 (1993)], J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99(5), p 3257.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong148(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong148(20)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-100 OC at atmospheric pressure
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong36(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong36(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
Bilaniuk and Wong 1993 Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93(3) pp 1609-1612 Bilaniuk and Wong 1996 Erratum: Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1609-1612 (1993)], J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99(5), p 3257.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong36(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterBilaniukWong36(20)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) temperature interval 15-35 C at atmospheric pressure, maximum error 0.18 m/s Lubbers and Graaff's simplified equation a)
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEa(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEa(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
J. Lubbers and R. Graaff, 1998 A simple and accurate formula for the sound velocity in water, Ultrasound Med. Biol. Vol 24, No 7, pp 1065-1068.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEa(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEa(20)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) temperature interval 10-40C at atmospheric pressure, maximum error 0.18 m/s Lubbers and Graaff's simplified equation b)
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEb(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEb(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
J. Lubbers and R. Graaff, 1998 A simple and accurate formula for the sound velocity in water, Ultrasound Med. Biol. Vol 24, No 7, pp 1065-1068.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEb(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterLubbersandGraaffSEb(20)
Returns returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: 0-95C at atmospheric pressure
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterMarczak(temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterMarczak(temperatureC)
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
National Physical Laboratory, 2015 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundpurewater/content.html#LUBBERS
Marczak, 1997 Water as a standard in the measurements of speed of sound in liquids J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102(5) pp 2776-2779.
SpeedOfSoundPureWaterMarczak(20)SpeedOfSoundPureWaterMarczak(20)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: temperature 0 to 40 C, salinity 0 to 40 parts per thousand, pressure 0 to 1000 bar
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterChenAndMillero(S, temperatureC, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterChenAndMillero(S, temperatureC, P)
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees Celsius |
P |
pressure in kg/cm^2 |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
C-T. Chen and F.J. Millero, 1977 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
C-T. Chen and F.J. Millero, 1977 Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62(5) pp 1129-1135
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterChenAndMillero(30, 0, 1.019716)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterChenAndMillero(30, 0, 1.019716)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: temperature 0 to 35 C salinity 0 to 45 parts per thousand and depth 0 to 4000 m
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterCoppens(D, S, temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterCoppens(D, S, temperatureC)
D |
depth in meters |
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
A.B. Coppens, 1981 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
A.B. Coppens, 1981 Simple equations for the speed of sound in Neptunian waters J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69(3), pp 862-863
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterCoppens(0, 35, 25)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterCoppens(0, 35, 25)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: temperature 0 to 30 C, salinity 30 to 40 parts per thousand pressure 0 to 1000 kg/cm^2 , where 100 kPa=1.019716 kg/cm^2
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterDelGrosso(S, temperatureC, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterDelGrosso(S, temperatureC, P)
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees Celsius |
P |
pressure in kg/cm^2 |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
V.A. Del Grosso, 1974 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/soundseawater/
V.A. Del Grosso, 1974 New equation for the speed of sound in natural waters (with comparisons to other equations). J. Acoust. Soc. Am 56(4) pp 1084-1091.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterDelGrosso(30, 0, 1.019716)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterDelGrosso(30, 0, 1.019716)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Frye and Pugh 1971
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterFryeAndPugh(temperatureC, S, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterFryeAndPugh(temperatureC, S, P)
temperatureC |
temperature from -3C to 30C |
S |
salinity from 33.1 to -36.6 per 1000 |
P |
hydrostatic pressure from 1.033 to 984.3 kg/cm^2 |
the speed of sound
Jose Gama
Frye, H.W. and Pugh, J.D. 1971 A new equation for the speed of sound in seawater J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 50, 384-6.
Frye, H.W. and Pugh, J.D. 1971 A new equation for the speed of sound in seawater J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 50, 384-6.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterFryeAndPugh(0, 30, 1.033)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterFryeAndPugh(0, 30, 1.033)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s)
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy68(D, latitude)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy68(D, latitude)
D |
depth in meters |
latitude |
latitude in degrees |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Lurton, X, 2002 An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics, 1st ed. London, Praxis Publishing LTD, p37.
Lurton, X, 2002 An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics, 1st ed. London, Praxis Publishing LTD, p37.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy68(25, 0)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy68(25, 0)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) Range of validity: -2:23 C, Error +-0.1
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy69(D, S, temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy69(D, S, temperatureC)
D |
depth in meters |
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Leroy C.C. 1969 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://support.echoview.com/WebHelp/Reference/Algorithms/Sonar_calculator_algorithms.htm
Leroy C.C. 1969 Development of simple equations for accurate and more realistic calculation of the speed of sound in sea water. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 46, 216-26.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy69(0, 35, 25)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroy69(0, 35, 25)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Leroy et Al 2008
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroyEtAl2008(temperatureC, S, D, L)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroyEtAl2008(temperatureC, S, D, L)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C 1990 universal temperature scale |
S |
salinity in % |
D |
depth in meters |
L |
latitude in degrees |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Leroy, C.C., Robinson, S.P., and Goldsmith, M.J. 2008 A new equation for the accurate calculation of sound speed in all oceans J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 124, 2774-82.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroyEtAl2008(0, 30, 0, 0)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLeroyEtAl2008(0, 30, 0, 0)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Lovett 1978 Check value: at T=2C, S=34.7; P=6000 dbar; C = 1559.462 m/s.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett1(temperatureC, S, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett1(temperatureC, S, P)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C T48 |
S |
salinity in % |
P |
pressure in decibars (0 at surface) |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Lovett, J.R. 1978 Merged seawater sound-speed equations J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 63, 1713-18.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett1(2, 34.7, 6000)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett1(2, 34.7, 6000)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Lovett 1978b Check value: at T=2C, S=34.7; P=6000 dbar; C = 1559.393 m/s.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett2(temperatureC, S, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett2(temperatureC, S, P)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C T48 |
S |
salinity in % |
P |
pressure in decibars (0 at surface) |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Lovett, J.R. 1978 Merged seawater sound-speed equations J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 63, 1713-18.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett2(2, 34.7, 6000)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett2(2, 34.7, 6000)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Lovett 1978c Check value: at T=2C, S=34.7; P=6000 dbar; C = 1559.499 m/s.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett3(temperatureC, S, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett3(temperatureC, S, P)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees C T48 |
S |
salinity in % |
P |
pressure in decibars (0 at surface) |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Lovett, J.R. 1978 Merged seawater sound-speed equations J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 63, 1713-18.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett3(2, 34.7, 6000)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterLovett3(2, 34.7, 6000)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s)
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMackenzie(D, S, temperatureC)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMackenzie(D, S, temperatureC)
D |
depth in meters |
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
temperatureC |
temperatureC in Celsius |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
Mackenzie K.V., 1981 Underwater Acoustics Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea Water http://support.echoview.com/WebHelp/Reference/Algorithms/Sonar_calculator_algorithms.htm
Mackenzie K.V., 1981 Nine-term equation for sound speed in the ocean. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 70, 807-12.
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMackenzie(0, 35, 25)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMackenzie(0, 35, 25)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) (approximation) Range of validity: limited to 1000 meters in depth
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMedwin(temperatureC, D, S)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMedwin(temperatureC, D, S)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees Celsius |
D |
depth in meters |
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
X Lurton, 2002 An Introduction to Underwater Acoustics, 1st ed. London, Praxis Publishing LTD
Medwin H, 1975 Speed of sound in water: A simple equation for realistic parameters Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 58, 1318-1319, 1975
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMedwin(0, 1, 30)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterMedwin(0, 1, 30)
Returns the speed of sound (m/s) modelled using empirical formulae
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterSkone(temperatureC, D, S)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterSkone(temperatureC, D, S)
temperatureC |
temperature in degrees Celsius |
D |
depth in meters |
S |
salinity in parts per thousand |
the speed of sound (m/s)
Jose Gama
de Jong, C.D., Lachapelle, G., Skone, S. and Elema, I. A., 2002 Hydrography. Delft University Press (The Netherlands). pp.194
de Jong, C.D., Lachapelle, G., Skone, S. and Elema, I. A., 2002 Hydrography. Delft University Press (The Netherlands). pp.194
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterSkone(0, 1, 30)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterSkone(0, 1, 30)
Returns the speed of sound in sea water from Wilson 1960
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterWilson(temperatureC, S, P)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterWilson(temperatureC, S, P)
temperatureC |
temperature from -4C to 30C |
S |
salinity from 0 to 37 per 1000 |
P |
hydrostatic pressure from 0.1 MPa to 100 MPa |
the speed of sound
Jose Gama
N. N. Andreyev Acoustics Institute, 2015 The speed of sound in sea water http://www.akin.ru/spravka_eng/s_i_svel_e.htm
Wilson W D, 1960 Equation for the speed of sound in sea water J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol.32, N 10, p. 1357
SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterWilson(0, 30, 0.1)SpeedOfSoundSeaWaterWilson(0, 30, 0.1)
Returns the Target Strength (TS), the echo returned by an underwater target
TargetStrength(Ir, Ii)TargetStrength(Ir, Ii)
Ir |
reflected intensity referred to 1 m from the acoustic centre of the target |
Ii |
incident intensity |
Target Strength (TS)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 67.
TargetStrength( 900, 1000 )TargetStrength( 900, 1000 )
Returns the target strength Circular Plate normal
TargetStrengthCircularPlateNormal(r, lambda)TargetStrengthCircularPlateNormal(r, lambda)
r |
radius (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthCircularPlateNormal( 10, 500 )TargetStrengthCircularPlateNormal( 10, 500 )
Returns the target strength Convex surface
TargetStrengthConvexSurface(r1, r2)TargetStrengthConvexSurface(r1, r2)
r1 |
principal radii (meters) |
r2 |
principal radii (meters) |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthConvexSurface( 100, 50 )TargetStrengthConvexSurface( 100, 50 )
Returns the target strength Cylinder normal
TargetStrengthCylinderNormal(r, L, lambda)TargetStrengthCylinderNormal(r, L, lambda)
r |
radius (meters) |
L |
length (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthCylinderNormal( 10, 5, 500 )TargetStrengthCylinderNormal( 10, 5, 500 )
Returns the target strength Cylinder, theta to normal
TargetStrengthCylinderThetaToNormal(r, L, lambda, theta)TargetStrengthCylinderThetaToNormal(r, L, lambda, theta)
r |
radius (meters) |
L |
length (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
theta |
angle to normal |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthCylinderThetaToNormal( 10, 5, 500, 45 )TargetStrengthCylinderThetaToNormal( 10, 5, 500, 45 )
Returns the target strength Plate of any shape
TargetStrengthPlateAnyShape(A, lambda)TargetStrengthPlateAnyShape(A, lambda)
A |
area (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthPlateAnyShape( 10, 500 )TargetStrengthPlateAnyShape( 10, 500 )
Returns the target strength Rectangular Plate normal
TargetStrengthRectangularPlateNormal(A, B, lambda)TargetStrengthRectangularPlateNormal(A, B, lambda)
A |
side, A>=B (meters) |
B |
side (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthRectangularPlateNormal( 10, 500, 500 )TargetStrengthRectangularPlateNormal( 10, 500, 500 )
Returns the target strength Rectangular Plate, theta to normal
TargetStrengthRectangularPlateThetaToNormal(A, B, lambda, theta)TargetStrengthRectangularPlateThetaToNormal(A, B, lambda, theta)
A |
side, A>=B (meters) |
B |
side (meters) |
lambda |
wavelength |
theta |
angle to normal |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 70.
TargetStrengthRectangularPlateThetaToNormal( 10, 500, 500, 45 )TargetStrengthRectangularPlateThetaToNormal( 10, 500, 500, 45 )
Returns the target strength sphere
TargetStrengthSphere(r)TargetStrengthSphere(r)
r |
radius (meters) |
Target Strength (TS) (dB)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 69.
PeakTS( 900, 1000 )PeakTS( 900, 1000 )
Returns the transmit directivity index (DIt)
TransmitDirectivityIndex(Idir, Iomni)TransmitDirectivityIndex(Idir, Iomni)
Idir |
intensity along the axis of the beam pattern |
Iomni |
intensity of the equivalent non-directional projector |
transmit directivity index (DIt)
Jose Gama
Waite A. D., 2002 Sonar for Practising Engineers, 3rd Edition Chichester: Wiley. pp. 4.
TransmitDirectivityIndex( 700, 1000 )TransmitDirectivityIndex( 700, 1000 )