Package 'smoothtail'

Title: Smooth Estimation of GPD Shape Parameter
Description: Given independent and identically distributed observations X(1), ..., X(n) from a Generalized Pareto distribution with shape parameter gamma in [-1,0], offers several estimates to compute estimates of gamma. The estimates are based on the principle of replacing the order statistics by quantiles of a distribution function based on a log--concave density function. This procedure is justified by the fact that the GPD density is log--concave for gamma in [-1,0].
Authors: Kaspar Ru{f}{i}bach <[email protected]> and Samuel Mueller <[email protected]>
Maintainer: Kaspar Rufibach <[email protected]>
License: GPL (>= 2)
Version: 2.0.5
Built: 2024-12-06 06:49:28 UTC
Source: CRAN

Help Index

Smooth Estimation of GPD Shape Parameter

Description

Given independent and identically distributed observations X1<…<XnX_1 < \ldots < X_n from a Generalized Pareto distribution with shape parameter γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], offers three methods to compute estimates of γ\gamma. The estimates are based on the principle of replacing the order statistics X(1),…,X(n)X_{(1)}, \ldots, X_{(n)} of the sample by quantiles X^(1),…,X^(n)\hat X_{(1)}, \ldots, \hat X_{(n)} of the distribution function F^n\hat F_n based on the log–concave density estimator f^n\hat f_n. This procedure is justified by the fact that the GPD density is log–concave for γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0].

Details

Package: smoothtail
Type: Package
Version: 2.0.5
Date: 2016-07-12
License: GPL (>=2)

Use this package to estimate the shape parameter γ\gamma of a Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD). In extreme value theory, γ\gamma is denoted tail index. We offer three new estimators, all based on the fact that the density function of the GPD is log–concave if γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], see Mueller and Rufibach (2009). The functions for estimation of the tail index are:

pickands
falk
falkMVUE
generalizedPick

This package depends on the package logcondens for estimation of a log–concave density: all the above functions take as first argument a dlc object as generated by logConDens in logcondens.

Additionally, functions for density, distribution function, quantile function and random number generation for a GPD with location parameter 0, shape parameter γ\gamma and scale parameter σ\sigma are provided:

dgpd
pgpd
qgpd
rgpd.

Let us shortly clarify what we mean with log–concave density estimation. Suppose we are given an ordered sample Y1<…<YnY_1 < \ldots < Y_n of i.i.d. random variables having density function ff, where f=exp⁡φf = \exp \varphi for a concave function φ:[−∞,∞)→R\varphi : [-\infty, \infty) \to R. Following the development in Duembgen and Rufibach (2009), it is then possible to get an estimator f^n=exp⁡φ^n\hat f_n = \exp \hat \varphi_n of ff via the maximizer φ^n\hat \varphi_n of

L(φ)=∑i=1nφ(Yi)−∫exp⁡φ(t)dtL(\varphi) = \sum_{i=1}^n \varphi(Y_i) - \int \exp \varphi (t) d t

over all concave functions φ\varphi. It turns out that φ^n\hat \varphi_n is piecewise linear, with knots only at (some of the) observation points. Therefore, the infinite-dimensional optimization problem of finding the function φ^n\hat \varphi_n boils down to a finite dimensional problem of finding the vector (φ^n(Y1),…,φ^(Yn))(\hat \varphi_n(Y_1),\ldots,\hat \varphi(Y_n)). How to solve this problem is described in Rufibach (2006, 2007) and in a more general setting in Duembgen, Huesler, and Rufibach (2010). The distribution function based on f^n\hat f_n is defined as

F^n(x)=∫Y1xf^n(t)dt\hat F_n(x) = \int_{Y_1}^x \hat f_n(t) d t

for xx a real number. The definition of F^n\hat F_n is justified by the fact that F^n(Y1)=0\hat F_n(Y_1) = 0.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected] ,
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Duembgen, L. and Rufibach, K. (2009) Maximum likelihood estimation of a log–concave density and its distribution function: basic properties and uniform consistency. Bernoulli, 15(1), 40–68.

Duembgen, L., Huesler, A. and Rufibach, K. (2010) Active set and EM algorithms for log-concave densities based on complete and censored data. Technical report 61, IMSV, Univ. of Bern, available at http://arxiv.org/abs/0707.4643.

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2008). On the max–domain of attraction of distributions with log–concave densities. Statist. Probab. Lett., 78, 1440–1444.

Rufibach K. (2006) Log-concave Density Estimation and Bump Hunting for i.i.d. Observations. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Switzerland and Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany, 2006.
Available at http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/06rufibach_k.pdf.

Rufibach, K. (2007) Computing maximum likelihood estimators of a log-concave density function. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 77, 561–574.

See Also

Package logcondens.

Examples

# generate ordered random sample from GPD
set.seed(1977)
n <- 20
gam <- -0.75
x <- rgpd(n, gam)

# compute known endpoint
omega <- -1 / gam

# estimate log-concave density, i.e. generate dlc object
est <- logConDens(x, smoothed = FALSE, print = FALSE, gam = NULL, xs = NULL)

# plot distribution functions
s <- seq(0.01, max(x), by = 0.01)
plot(0, 0, type = 'n', ylim = c(0, 1), xlim = range(c(x, s))); rug(x)
lines(s, pgpd(s, gam), type = 'l', col = 2)
lines(x, 1:n / n, type = 's', col = 3)
lines(x, est$Fhat, type = 'l', col = 4)
legend(1, 0.4, c('true', 'empirical', 'estimated'), col = c(2 : 4), lty = 1)

# compute tail index estimators for all sensible indices k
falk.logcon <- falk(est)
falkMVUE.logcon <- falkMVUE(est, omega)
pick.logcon <- pickands(est)
genPick.logcon <- generalizedPick(est, c = 0.75, gam0 = -1/3)

# plot smoothed and unsmoothed estimators versus number of order statistics
plot(0, 0, type = 'n', xlim = c(0,n), ylim = c(-1, 0.2))
lines(1:n, pick.logcon[, 2], col = 1); lines(1:n, pick.logcon[, 3], col = 1, lty = 2)
lines(1:n, falk.logcon[, 2], col = 2); lines(1:n, falk.logcon[, 3], col = 2, lty = 2)
lines(1:n, falkMVUE.logcon[,2], col = 3); lines(1:n, falkMVUE.logcon[,3], col = 3, 
    lty = 2)
lines(1:n, genPick.logcon[, 2], col = 4); lines(1:n, genPick.logcon[, 3], col = 4, 
    lty = 2)
abline(h = gam, lty = 3)
legend(11, 0.2, c("Pickands", "Falk", "Falk MVUE", "Generalized Pickands'"), 
    lty = 1, col = 1:8)

Compute original and smoothed version of Falk's estimator

Description

Given an ordered sample of either exceedances or upper order statistics which is to be modeled using a GPD, this function provides Falk's estimator of the shape parameter γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0]. Precisely,

γ^Falk=γ^Falk(k,n)=1k−1∑j=2klog⁡(X(n)−H−1((n−j+1)/n)X(n)−H−1((n−k)/n)),    k=3,…,n−1\hat \gamma_{\rm{Falk}} = \hat \gamma_{\rm{Falk}}(k, n) = \frac{1}{k-1} \sum_{j=2}^k \log \Bigl(\frac{X_{(n)}-H^{-1}((n-j+1)/n)}{X_{(n)}-H^{-1}((n-k)/n)} \Bigr), \; \; k=3, \ldots ,n-1

for $H$ either the empirical or the distribution function based on the log–concave density estimator. Note that for any kk, γ^Falk:Rn→(−∞,0)\hat \gamma_{\rm{Falk}} : R^n \to (-\infty, 0). If γ^Falk∉[−1,0)\hat \gamma_{\rm{Falk}} \not \in [-1,0), then it is likely that the log-concavity assumption is violated.

Usage

falk(est, ks = NA)

Arguments

est

Log-concave density estimate based on the sample as output by logConDens (a dlc object).
ks

Indices kk at which Falk's estimate should be computed. If set to NA defaults to 3,…,n−13, \ldots, n-1.

Value

n x 3 matrix with columns: indices kk, Falk's estimator based on the log-concave density estimate, and the ordinary Falk's estimator based on the order statistics.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Falk, M. (1995). Some best parameter estimates for distributions with finite endpoint. Statistics, 27, 115–125.

See Also

Other approaches to estimate γ\gamma based on the fact that the density is log–concave, thus γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], are available as the functions pickands, falkMVUE, generalizedPick.

Examples

# generate ordered random sample from GPD
set.seed(1977)
n <- 20
gam <- -0.75
x <- rgpd(n, gam)

## generate dlc object
est <- logConDens(x, smoothed = FALSE, print = FALSE, gam = NULL, xs = NULL)

# compute tail index estimator
falk(est)

Compute original and smoothed version of Falk's estimator for a known endpoint

Description

Given an ordered sample of either exceedances or upper order statistics which is to be modeled using a GPD with distribution function FF, this function provides Falk's estimator of the shape parameter γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0] if the endpoint

ω(F)=sup⁡{x : F(x)<1}\omega(F) = \sup\{x \, : \, F(x) < 1\}

of FF is known. Precisely,

γ^MVUE=γ^MVUE(k,n)=1k∑j=1klog⁡(ω(F)−H−1((n−j+1)/n)ω(F)−H−1((n−k)/n)),    k=2,…,n−1\hat \gamma_{\rm{MVUE}} = \hat \gamma_{\rm{MVUE}}(k,n) = \frac{1}{k} \sum_{j=1}^k \log \Bigl(\frac{\omega(F)-H^{-1}((n-j+1)/n)}{\omega(F)-H^{-1}((n-k)/n)}\Bigr), \; \; k=2,\ldots,n-1

for HH either the empirical or the distribution function based on the log–concave density estimator. Note that for any kk, γ^MVUE:Rn→(−∞,0)\hat \gamma_{\rm{MVUE}} : R^n \to (-\infty, 0). If γ^MVUE∉[−1,0)\hat \gamma_{\rm{MVUE}} \not \in [-1,0), then it is likely that the log-concavity assumption is violated.

Usage

falkMVUE(est, omega, ks = NA)

Arguments

est

Log-concave density estimate based on the sample as output by logConDens (a dlc object).
omega

Known endpoint. Make sure that ω≥X(n)\omega \ge X_{(n)}.
ks

Indices kk at which Falk's estimate should be computed. If set to NA defaults to 2,…,n−12, \ldots, n-1.

Value

n x 3 matrix with columns: indices kk, Falk's MVUE estimator using the log-concave density estimate, and the ordinary Falk MVUE estimator based on the order statistics.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Falk, M. (1994). Extreme quantile estimation in δ\delta-neighborhoods of generalized Pareto distributions. Statistics and Probability Letters, 20, 9–21.

Falk, M. (1995). Some best parameter estimates for distributions with finite endpoint. Statistics, 27, 115–125.

See Also

Other approaches to estimate γ\gamma based on the fact that the density is log–concave, thus γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], are available as the functions pickands, falk, generalizedPick.

Examples

# generate ordered random sample from GPD
set.seed(1977)
n <- 20
gam <- -0.75
x <- rgpd(n, gam)

## generate dlc object
est <- logConDens(x, smoothed = FALSE, print = FALSE, gam = NULL, xs = NULL)

# compute tail index estimators
omega <- -1 / gam
falkMVUE(est, omega)

Compute generalized Pickand's estimator

Description

Given an ordered sample of either exceedances or upper order statistics which is to be modeled using a GPD with distribution function FF, this function provides Segers' estimator of the shape parameter γ\gamma, see Segers (2005). Precisely, for k={1,…,n−1}k = \{1, \ldots, n-1\}, the estimator can be written as

γ^Segersk(H)=∑j=1k(λ(j/k)−λ((j−1)/k))log⁡(H−1((n−⌊cj⌋)/n)−H−1((n−j)/n))\hat \gamma^k_{\rm{Segers}}(H) = \sum_{j=1}^k \Bigl(\lambda(j/k) - \lambda((j-1)/k)\Bigr) \log \Bigl(H^{-1}((n-\lfloor cj \rfloor)/n)-H^{-1}((n-j)/n) \Bigr)

for HH either the empirical or the distribution function based on the log–concave density estimator and λ\lambda the mixing measure given in Segers (2005), Theorem 4.1, (i). Note that for any kk, γ^Segersk:Rn→(−∞,∞)\hat \gamma^k_{\rm{Segers}} : R^n \to (-\infty, \infty). If γ^Segers∉[−1,0)\hat \gamma_{\rm{Segers}} \not \in [-1,0), then it is likely that the log-concavity assumption is violated.

Usage

generalizedPick(est, c, gam0, ks = NA)

Arguments

est

Log-concave density estimate based on the sample as output by logConDens (a dlc object).
c

Number in (0,1)(0,1), determining the spacings that are used.
gam0

Number in R∖0.5R \setminus 0.5, specifying the mixing measure.
ks

Indices kk at which Falk's estimate should be computed. If set to NA defaults to 4,…,n4, \ldots, n.

Value

n x 3 matrix with columns: indices kk, Segers' estimator using the smoothing method, and the ordinary Segers' estimator based on the order statistics.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Segers, J. (2005). Generalized Pickands estimators for the extreme value index. J. Statist. Plann. Inference, 128, 381–396.

See Also

Other approaches to estimate γ\gamma based on the fact that the density is log–concave, thus γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], are available as the functions pickands, falk, falkMVUE.

Examples

# generate ordered random sample from GPD
set.seed(1977)
n <- 20
gam <- -0.75
x <- rgpd(n, gam)

## generate dlc object
est <- logConDens(x, smoothed = FALSE, print = FALSE, gam = NULL, xs = NULL)

# compute tail index estimators
generalizedPick(est, c = 0.75, gam0 = -1/3)

The Generalized Pareto Distribution

Description

Density function, distribution function, quantile function and random generation for the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) with shape parameter γ\gamma and scale parameter σ\sigma.

Usage

dgpd(x, gam, sigma = 1) 
pgpd(q, gam, sigma = 1) 
qgpd(p, gam, sigma = 1)
rgpd(n, gam, sigma = 1)

Arguments

x, q

Vector of quantiles.
p

Vector of probabilities.
n

Number of observations.
gam

Shape parameter, real number.
sigma

Scale parameter, positive real number.

Details

The generalized Pareto distribution function (Pickands, 1975) with shape parameter γ\gamma and scale parameter σ\sigma is

Wγ,σ(x)=1−(1+γx/σ)+−1/γ.W_{\gamma,\sigma}(x) = 1 - {(1+\gamma x / \sigma)}_+^{-1/\gamma}.

If γ=0\gamma = 0, the distribution function is defined by continuity. The density is denoted by wγ,σw_{\gamma, \sigma}.

Value

dgpd gives the values of the density function, pgpd those of the distribution function, and qgpd those of the quantile function of the GPD at x,q,{\bold x}, {\bold q}, and p{\bold p}, respectively. rgpd generates nn random numbers, returned as an ordered vector.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach, [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

References

Pickands, J. (1975). Statistical inference using extreme order statistics. Annals of Statistics, 3, 119-131.

See Also

Similar functions are provided in the R-packages evir and evd.

Auxiliary function to compute Segers' estimator

Description

This function computes

λδ,ρc\lambda_{\delta, \rho}^c

given in Theorem 4.1 of Segers (2005) and is called by generalizedPick. It is not intended to be called by the user.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Segers, J. (2005). Generalized Pickands estimators for the extreme value index. J. Statist. Plann. Inference, 128, 381–396.

See Also

Called by generalizedPick.

Compute original and smoothed version of Pickands' estimator

Description

Given an ordered sample of either exceedances or upper order statistics which is to be modeled using a GPD, this function provides Pickands' estimator of the shape parameter γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0]. Precisely, for k=4,…,nk=4, \ldots, n

γ^Pickk=1log⁡2log⁡(H−1((n−rk(H)+1)/n)−H−1((n−2rk(H)+1)/n)H−1((n−2rk(H)+1)/n)−H−1((n−4rk(H)+1)/n))\hat \gamma^k_{\rm{Pick}} = \frac{1}{\log 2} \log \Bigl(\frac{H^{-1}((n-r_k(H)+1)/n)-H^{-1}((n-2r_k(H) +1)/n)}{H^{-1}((n-2r_k(H) +1)/n)-H^{-1}((n-4r_k(H)+1)/n)} \Bigr)

for $H$ either the empirical or the distribution function F^n\hat F_n based on the log–concave density estimator and

rk(H)=⌊k/4⌋r_k(H) = \lfloor k/4 \rfloor

if HH is the empirical distribution function and

rk(H)=k/4r_k(H) = k / 4

if H=F^nH = \hat F_n.

Usage

pickands(est, ks = NA)

Arguments

est

Log-concave density estimate based on the sample as output by logConDens (a dlc object).
ks

Indices kk at which Falk's estimate should be computed. If set to NA defaults to 4,…,n4, \ldots, n.

Value

n x 3 matrix with columns: indices kk, Pickands' estimator using the log-concave density estimate, and the ordinary Pickands' estimator based on the order statistics.

Author(s)

Kaspar Rufibach (maintainer), [email protected],
http://www.kasparrufibach.ch

Samuel Mueller, [email protected],
www.maths.usyd.edu.au/ut/people?who=S_Mueller

Kaspar Rufibach acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF, http://www.snf.ch

References

Mueller, S. and Rufibach K. (2009). Smooth tail index estimation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 79, 1155–1167.

Pickands, J. (1975). Statistical inference using extreme order statistics. Annals of Statistics 3, 119–131.

See Also

Other approaches to estimate γ\gamma based on the fact that the density is log–concave, thus γ∈[−1,0]\gamma \in [-1,0], are available as the functions falk, falkMVUE, generalizedPick.

Examples

# generate ordered random sample from GPD
set.seed(1977)
n <- 20
gam <- -0.75
x <- rgpd(n, gam)

## generate dlc object
est <- logConDens(x, smoothed = FALSE, print = FALSE, gam = NULL, xs = NULL)

# compute tail index estimators
pickands(est)