Introduction

The international IntCal group provides ratified radiocarbon calibration curves such as IntCal20 (for northern hemisphere terrestrial radiocarbon dates; Reimer et al. 2020¹), Marine20 (for marine dates; Heaton et al. 2020²) and SHCal20 (Hogg et al. 2020³). This package provides these curves, as well as previous iterations (IntCal13, Marine13, SHCal13, IntCal09, Marine09, IntCal04, Marine04, SHCal04, IntCal98, Marine98), Arnold and Libby’s first curve⁴, and postbomb curves (Levin and Kromer 2004⁵, Santos et al. 2015⁶, Andrews et al. 2016⁷, Hua et al. 2021⁸).

Installation

On first usage of the package, it has to be installed:

install.packages('rintcal')

If you have a recent version of rbacon, rplum, coffee, rice or clam installed on your computer, rintcal will probably have been installed as well. Sometimes new versions of these packages appear, so please re-issue the above command regularly to remain up-to-date, or use:

update.packages()

To obtain access to the calibration curves, first the package has to be loaded:

library(rintcal)

Calibration curves

Loading curves

Now you can load a calibration curve into the memory, for example the default curve IntCal20, and check the first and last few entries:

ic20 <- ccurve()
head(ic20)

##      V1  V2 V3
## 9501  0 199 11
## 9500  1 197 11
## 9499  2 195 11
## 9498  3 193 11
## 9497  4 190 11
## 9496  5 188 11

tail(ic20)

##      V1    V2   V3
## 6 54900 50009  997
## 5 54920 50027 1003
## 4 54940 50043 1007
## 3 54960 50063 1013
## 2 54980 50081 1018
## 1 55000 50100 1024

The files have three columns: cal BP, the corresponding IntCal C14 BP ages, and the uncertainties (1 standard deviation).

To see more detail of each rintcal function, place a question-mark before the function name, e.g.:

?ccurve

To get a list of available curves and associated files (and where they can be found):

list.ccurves()

## /tmp/RtmpIeIpCn/Rinst601391a3624/rintcal/extdata/

##  [1] "3Col_intcal04.14C"          "3Col_intcal09.14C"         
##  [3] "3Col_intcal13.14C"          "3Col_intcal20.14C"         
##  [5] "3Col_intcal98.14C"          "3Col_marine04.14C"         
##  [7] "3Col_marine09.14C"          "3Col_marine13.14C"         
##  [9] "3Col_marine20.14C"          "3Col_marine98.14C"         
## [11] "3Col_shcal13.14C"           "3Col_shcal20.14C"          
## [13] "Arnold_Libby_1951.txt"      "Kure.14C"                  
## [15] "LevinKromer.14C"            "NOTCal04.14C"              
## [17] "Santos.14C"                 "intcal20.14c"              
## [19] "intcal20_data.txt"          "intcal20_data_sources.txt" 
## [21] "marine20.14c"               "postbomb_NH1.14C"          
## [23] "postbomb_NH1_2009.14C"      "postbomb_NH1_monthly.14C"  
## [25] "postbomb_NH2.14C"           "postbomb_NH2_2009.14C"     
## [27] "postbomb_NH2_monthly.14C"   "postbomb_NH3.14C"          
## [29] "postbomb_NH3_2009.14C"      "postbomb_NH3_monthly.14C"  
## [31] "postbomb_SH1-2.14C"         "postbomb_SH1-2_2009.14C"   
## [33] "postbomb_SH1-2_monthly.14C" "postbomb_SH3.14C"          
## [35] "postbomb_SH3_2009.14C"      "postbomb_SH3_monthly.14C"  
## [37] "shcal20.14c"                "shcal20_data.txt"          
## [39] "shcal20_data_sources.txt"

Libby’s curve

Legacy calibration data such as Arnold & Libby (1951) can be compared with the latest calibration curves. Only included here are those radiocarbon dates of Arnold and Libby which come with independent (historical, archaeological or dendrochronological) age estimates. Note that Arnold and Libby did not define their ‘calendar years’ explicitly, so the ages have to be taken with a degree of caution.

libby <- read.table(file.path(system.file(package = 'rintcal'), "extdata/Arnold_Libby_1951.txt"), header=T, sep=",")
plot(libby[,2], libby[,4], xlab="'cal' BP", ylab="C14 BP", pch=20) # plot the radiocarbon dates and their known calendar ages
segments(libby[,2]-libby[,3], libby[,4], libby[,2]+libby[,3], libby[,4]) # calendar error bars (not all are quantified)
segments(libby[,2], libby[,4]-libby[,5], libby[,2], libby[,4]+libby[,5]) # radiocarbon error bars
abline(0, 1, lty=2)
ic20 <- ccurve() # add the IntCal20 curve
ic20.pol <- cbind(c(ic20[,1], rev(ic20[,1])), c(ic20[,2]-ic20[,3], rev(ic20[,2]+ic20[,3])))
polygon(ic20.pol, col="darkgreen", border=NA)

Curve data

To look at the data underlying the IntCal curves, we can open the IntCal20 dataset downloaded from intchron.org and extract any relevant information, for example to check how many Irish oaks are in the dataset:

intcal <- intcal.read.data()
IrishOaks <- intcal.data.frames(intcal, taxon="Quercus sp.", country="Ireland")

## $taxon
## [1] "Quercus sp."
## 
## $country
## [1] "Ireland"

length(IrishOaks)

## [1] 17

Or plot a Bristlecone Pine series, one with single-ring radiocarbon dates that show a very abrupt change in radiocarbon age (Miyake Event):

Bristle <- intcal.data.frames(intcal, taxon="Pinus longaeva")

## $taxon
## [1] "Pinus longaeva"

Bristle_yearly <- Bristle[[20]]$data[,c(8,14,15)]
plot(Bristle_yearly[,1], Bristle_yearly[,2], xlab="cal BP", ylab="C14 BP")
segments(Bristle_yearly[,1], Bristle_yearly[,2]-Bristle_yearly[,3], Bristle_yearly[,1], Bristle_yearly[,2]+Bristle_yearly[,3])

The data underlying parts of the IntCal calibration curve can be visualised, for example from 500 to 0 cal BP:

intcal.data(0, 500)

Want to plot only some specific datasets over a period of time?

dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3)

unique(dat$set)

## [1] 109 110 111 114 120 121 122 124 126

dat <- intcal.data(20e3, 25e3, select.sets=c(109, 120), data.cols=c(1,2))

It is also possible to plot the data in other realms such as pMC (p), F¹⁴C (F) or Δ¹⁴C (d), e.g.:

intcal.data(20e3, 25e3, realm="d")

Manipulations

You can also combine calibration curves, e.g. a 40%:60% mix of Intcal20 and Marine20 with a 100+-20 year offset for the latter. If save is set to TRUE, the resulting curve will be saved with the name mixed.14C, in a folder together with the calibration curves. The name of this folder is listed, and it can be changed by specifying the option ‘cc.dir’.

mydir <- tempdir()
# new.ccdir(mydir)
mix.ccurves(0.4, cc1="IntCal20", cc2="Marine20", offset=cbind(100, 20), save=TRUE, cc.dir=mydir)

## mixed.14C saved in folder /tmp/Rtmp4jH8jM

To glue prebomb and postbomb calibration curves into one and store it as a variable in your session (for example, IntCal20 and the NH1 postbomb curve):

glued <- glue.ccurves("IntCal20", "NH1")
plot(glued[1:650,1:2], xlab="cal BP", ylab="C-14 BP", pch=".")

Reimer PJ et al., 2020. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725-757 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41 ↩︎
Heaton TJ et al., 2020. Marine20-The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0-55,000 cal BP). Radiocarbon 62, 779-820 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.68 ↩︎
Hogg AG et al., 2020. SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0-55,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 62, 759-778 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.59 ↩︎
Arnold JR, Libby WF, 1951. Radiocarbon Dates. Science 113, p. 111-120 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.113.2927.111 ↩︎
Levin I, Kromer, B, 2004. The Tropospheric 14CO2 Level in Mid-Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003), Radiocarbon 46, 1261-1272 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033130 ↩︎
Santos GM, Linares R, Lisi CS, Filho MT, 2015. Annual growth rings in a sample of Parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia): Toward improving the 14C calibration curve for the Southern Hemisphere. Quaternary Geochronology 25, 96-103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.10.004 ↩︎
Andrews H, Siciliano D, Potts DC, DeMartini EE, Covarrubias S, 2016. Bomb radiocarbon and the Hawaiian Archipelago: Coral, otoliths and seawater. Radiocarbon 58, 531-548 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2016.32 ↩︎
Hua Q et al. 2021. Atmospheric Radiocarbon for the Period 1950-2019. Radiocarbon 64, 723-745 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.95 ↩︎