Package 'phyloclim' reference manual

Title:	Integrating Phylogenetics and Climatic Niche Modeling
Description:	Implements some methods in phyloclimatic modeling: estimation of ancestral climatic niches, age-range-correlation, niche equivalency test and background-similarity test.
Authors:	Christoph Heibl, Clement Calenge (\code{import.ascii})
Maintainer:	Christoph Heibl <[email protected]>
License:	GPL (>= 2)
Version:	0.9.5
Built:	2024-10-23 06:27:22 UTC
Source:	CRAN

Phyloclimatic Data Analysis

Description

This package implements some recently developed methods in phyloclimatic modeling.

Details

Package:	phyloclim
Type:	Package
Version:	0.9.5
Date:	2018-05-25
License:	GPL (>= 2)

phyloclim is intended to provide methods for the quantification of niche occupancy and niche overlap and combine this data with phylogenetic trees. Niche overlap can be quantified either from profiles of environmental suitability for a given environmental variable (PNO or predicted niche occupancy profiles, see pno) or from two-dimensional suitability surfaces (environmental niche models (ENMs) or species distribution models (SDMs)) with niche.overlap. Randomization tests for testing the significance of niche overlap in terms of niche identity and niche similarity are available in niche.equivalency.test and bg.similarity.test. Phylogenetic data can be integrated into comparative methods such as age.range.correlation and the estimation of ancestral environmental tolerances (anc.clim), which is a non-parametric approach based on resampling of PNO profiles. The functions in phyloclim are in an early stage of development, so they should be used with care! Any feedback is welcome!

Author(s)

Maintainer: Christoph Heibl ([email protected])

References

Evans, M. E. K., S. A. Smith, R. S. Flynn, and M. J. Donoghue. 2009. Climate, niche evolution, and diversification of the 'bird-cage evening primroses' (Oenothera, sections Anogra and Kleinia). Am. Nat. 173: 225-240. Fitzpatrick, B.M & Turelli, M. 2006. The geography of mammalian speciation: mixed signals from phylogenies and range maps. Evolution 60: 601-615. Phillips, S.J, M. Dudik, & R.E. Schapire. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modeling 190: 231-259.

Warren, D., R.E. Glor, & M. Turelli. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution 62: 2868-2883.

Age-Range Correlation

Description

This function can be used to test for phylogenetic signal in patterns of niche overlap (Warren et al., 2008) based on the age-range correlation (ARC) as implemented by Turelli & Fitzpatrick (2006).

Usage

age.range.correlation(phy, overlap, tri = "upper", n = 10000)
age.range.correlation(phy, overlap, tri = "upper", n = 10000)

Arguments

`phy`	an object of class `"phylo"`, which must be ultrametric.
`overlap`	a matrix of class `"niolap"`, containing pairwise measures of niche overlap as produced by `niche.overlap`.
`tri`	either `"upper"` or `"lower"`, indicating which triangle of the overlap matrix to use (see `niche.overlap`).
`n`	an integer giving the number of iterations for the Monte Carlo resampling procedure.

Details

In age-range correlation (ARC; sensu Fitzpatrick & Turelli 2006), phylogentic relationships are taken into account when computing average range (or niche) overlap between two clades at node i by

$\bar{o}_{i} = \sum_{j \in Clade1} \sum_{k \in Clade2} (\frac{1}{2})^{n_{jk} - 1} o_{jk}$

where the double sum is over all species in the two clades, o(jk) denotes the overlap between species j and k, and n(jk) is the number of nodes separating the two species on the phylogeny. Plotting $\bar{o}_{i}$ against node ages depicts the ARC for a given clade. Slopes and intercept derived from a linear model can be used to characterize speciation mode (allopatric versus sympatric) or niche evolution (conservatism versus flexibility) in the clade (see Fitzpatrick & Turelli [2006] and Warren et al. [2008], respectively).

The significance of the ARC is assessed via Monte Carlo simulation by random permutation of the overlap matrix to estimate the distribution of slope and intercept unter the null hypothesis of no phylogenetic signal.

Value

A list of four elements:

`age.range.correlation`	A matrix with age and average overlap for each node.
`linear.regression`	A linear model of mean niche (or range)overlap versus node age.
`sig`	Significance of intercept and slope derived by randomization. `f` is the fraction of randomized datasets with intercept and slopes greater than the observed data. `p`-values are calculated as 2 * min(f, 1 - f).
`MonteCarlo.replicates`	A matrix containing intercepts and slopes of randomized datasets.

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Fitzpatrick, B.M & Turelli, M. 2006. The geography of mammalian speciation: mixed signals from phylogenies and range maps. Evolution 60: 601-615.

Warren, D., R.E. Glor, & M. Turelli. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution 62: 2868-2883.

Examples

# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae ...
data(PNO)

# ... and calculate niche overlap between species
no <- niche.overlap(PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature)

# load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(tree)

# age-range correlation
x <- age.range.correlation(phy = tree, overlap = no, n = 100)

# plot average niche overlap versus node age
plot(x$age.range.correlation)

# add a regression line
abline(x$linear.regression$coefficients)

# add regression lines from Monte Carlo randomization
apply(x$MonteCarlo.replicates, 1, abline, lwd = 0.2, col = "grey50")
# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae ...
data(PNO)

# ... and calculate niche overlap between species
no <- niche.overlap(PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature)

# load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(tree)

# age-range correlation
x <- age.range.correlation(phy = tree, overlap = no, n = 100)

# plot average niche overlap versus node age
plot(x$age.range.correlation)

# add a regression line
abline(x$linear.regression$coefficients)

# add regression lines from Monte Carlo randomization
apply(x$MonteCarlo.replicates, 1, abline, lwd = 0.2, col = "grey50")

Estimation of Ancestral Climatic Tolerances

Description

This function implements a nonparametric approach to estimate ancestral climatic tolerances proposed by Evans et al. (2009), using ace from the ape package.

Usage

anc.clim(target, posterior = NULL, pno, n = 100, method = "GLS")
anc.clim(target, posterior = NULL, pno, n = 100, method = "GLS")

Arguments

`target`	An object of class `"phylo"`; a best estimate (e.g., ML estimate) of topology on which to summarize mean estimated climatic tolerances, must be ultrametric.
`posterior`	An object of class `"multiPhylo"` containing a sample of ultrametric trees from the posterior distribution of a Bayesian tree search to be used for reconstruction of ancestral climatic tolerances. `posterior = NULL` (the default) means that reconstruction uses `target` instead.
`pno`	A data frame containing predicted niche occupancy (PNO) profiles, produced e.g. with `pno`.
`n`	An integer: The PNO profile given by `pno` argument will be resamples `n` times.
`method`	A character string specifying the method used for estimation. Two choices are possible: `"ML"` or `"GLS"` (see `ace` for details).

Value

A list containing three elements:

`tree`	An object of class `"phylo"`, the `target` tree used in the estimation.
`means`	A vector containing the means of estimated ancestral climatic tolerances. The elements of `means` are in the same order as node numbers in element `tree`.
`central.density`	A matrix, which for each of the terminal nodes in `tree` contains the minimum and the maximum of the 80 percent density interval of climatic tolerances (as sampled from the PNO).

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Examples

# load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(tree)
data(PNO)

# choose summer precipitation for analysis
clim <- PNO$PrecipitationWarmestQuarter

# estimate ancestral tolerances
ac <- anc.clim(target = tree, pno = clim, n = 100)

# visualize results
plotAncClim(ac, ylab = "Precipitation of warmest quarter (mm)")
# load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(tree)
data(PNO)

# choose summer precipitation for analysis
clim <- PNO$PrecipitationWarmestQuarter

# estimate ancestral tolerances
ac <- anc.clim(target = tree, pno = clim, n = 100)

# visualize results
plotAncClim(ac, ylab = "Precipitation of warmest quarter (mm)")

Niche overlap for Oxalis enneaphylla and O. lacinita

Description

Objects equ and sim contain the results of the niche.equivalency.test and the bg.similarity.test (Warren et al. 2008) for Oxalis enneaphylla and O. laciniata from section Palmatifoliae.

Usage

data(equ)
data(sim)
data(equ)
data(sim)

Format

A list containing five elements:

method: Name of the test.
species: Names of the two species compared.
statistic: Test statistics D and I of niche overlap based on Schoeners D and modified Hellinger distances.
p.value: p-values for the test statistics (if method = "niche equivalency test").
null: Formulation of the null hypothesis.
null.distribution: Null distributions of D and I derived from randomization (if method = "niche equivalency test").
ci.x.randomY: Confidence intervals based on null distributions (if method = "background similarity test").
ci.y.randomX: Confidence intervals based on null distributions (if method = "background similarity test").
nd.x.randomY: Null distributions of D and I derived from randomization (if method = "background similarity test").
nd.y.randomX: Null distributions of D and I derived from randomization (if method = "background similarity test").

Source

C. Heibl, unpublished data.

References

Warren, D., R.E. Glor, & M. Turelli. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution. 62: 2868-2883.

Examples

# plot results of niche equivalency test
data(equ)
plot(equ)

# plot results of background similarity test
data(sim)
plot(sim)
# plot results of niche equivalency test
data(equ)
plot(equ)

# plot results of background similarity test
data(sim)
plot(sim)

Niche Equivalency and Background Similarity Test

Description

Hypothesis testing as proposed by Warren et al. (2008) based on the generation of pseudoreplicate datasets. The niche equivalency (or identity) test asks whether the ecological niche models (ENMs) of two species are more different than expected if they were drawn from the same underlying distribution. The background similarity test asks whether ENMs drawn from populations with partially or entirely non-overlapping distributions are any more different from one another than expected by random chance.

Usage

niche.equivalency.test(p, env, n = 99, app, dir)

bg.similarity.test(p, env, n = 99, conf.level = .95, app, dir)


## S3 method for class 'ntest'
print(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'ntest'
plot(x, ...)
niche.equivalency.test(p, env, n = 99, app, dir)

bg.similarity.test(p, env, n = 99, conf.level = .95, app, dir)


## S3 method for class 'ntest'
print(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'ntest'
plot(x, ...)

Arguments

`p`	a `SpatialPointsDataFrame` or a simple data frame containing the presence points. In the latter case the first column contains the species names, the second and third column longitude and latitude (see SWD-formatted (=Samples-With-Data) files in the MAXENT tutorial).
`env`	an object of class `SpatialGridDataFrame` containing the environmental covariates.
`n`	an integer giving the number of permutations of the original data (default: `n = 99`).
`conf.level`	a real number between 0 and 1 setting the confidence level of the confidence intervals to be calculated.
`app`	a character string giving the path to the MAXENT application.
`dir`	a character string giving the name of a directory where the input and output data for MAXENT will be saved. Already existing directories will be overwritten without a warning. If `dir` is left empty the data will be written to a temporary directory, which will be deleted after execution.
`x`	an object of class `ntest`.
`...`	further arguments passed to or from other methods.

Details

An installation of MAXENT (Phillips et al., 2006; http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~schapire/maxent/) is required in order to run niche.equivalency.test and bg.similarity.test. Both functions use the logistic output of MAXENT estimated using auto features.

By default, the environmental covariates given with env are assumend to be continuous. In order to use categorical environmental covariates, you have to prepend "cat_" to the layer name, e.g. "cat_landuse".

Value

niche.equivalency.test gives a list with six elements:

`method`	name of the test.
`species`	names of the two species compared.
`null`	formulation of the null hypothesis.
`statistic`	statistics of niche overlap D based on Schoeners D and modified Hellinger distances.
`p.value`	p-values associated with the statistics.
`null.distribution`	null distributions of D and I derived from randomization.

bg.similarity.test gives a list with eight elements:

`method`	name of the test.
`species`	names of the two species compared.
`null`	formulation of the null hypothesis.
`statistic`	statistics of niche overlap D based on Schoeners D and modified Hellinger distances.
`ci.x.randomY`	confidence interval for D and I based on the comparison of the first species against a randomized background derived from the second species.
`ci.y.randomX`	confidence interval for D and I based on the comparison of the second species against a randomized background derived from the first species.
`nd.x.randomY`	null distributions of D and I calculated from the comparison of the first species against a randomized background derived from the second species.
`nd.y.randomX`	null distributions of D and I calculated from the comparison of the second species against a randomized background derived from the first species.

Note

These functions have been completely rewritten and have been tested with MAXENT 3.3.3k

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Phillips, S.J, M. Dudik, & R.E. Schapire. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modeling 190: 231-259.

Warren, D., R.E. Glor, & M. Turelli. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution. 62: 2868-2883.

Examples

# path to MAXENT
# --------------
maxent.exe <- paste(system.file(package="dismo"), 
"/java/maxent.jar", sep = "")

# a data frame of coordinates where two species 
# have been detected ('presence points') and
# a raster stack of environmental covariables
# --------------------------------------
species <- c("enneaphylla", "laciniata")
data(sites)
samples <- sites[grep(paste(species, collapse = "|"), sites$spec), ]
data.path <- system.file("extdata", package = "phyloclim")
preds <- list.files(path = data.path, pattern = "[.]asc")
preds <- paste(data.path, preds, sep = "/")
preds <- stack(lapply(X = preds, FUN = raster))

# testing against 9 permutations of the data
# -------------------------------------------
reps <- 9

# run hypothesis tests
# --------------------
if (file.exists(maxent.exe)){
  net <- niche.equivalency.test(samples, preds, reps, maxent.exe)
  net; plot(net)
  bst <- bg.similarity.test(samples, preds, reps, app = maxent.exe)
  bst; plot(bst)
} else {
  message("get a copy of MAXENT (see Details)")
}
# path to MAXENT
# --------------
maxent.exe <- paste(system.file(package="dismo"), 
"/java/maxent.jar", sep = "")

# a data frame of coordinates where two species 
# have been detected ('presence points') and
# a raster stack of environmental covariables
# --------------------------------------
species <- c("enneaphylla", "laciniata")
data(sites)
samples <- sites[grep(paste(species, collapse = "|"), sites$spec), ]
data.path <- system.file("extdata", package = "phyloclim")
preds <- list.files(path = data.path, pattern = "[.]asc")
preds <- paste(data.path, preds, sep = "/")
preds <- stack(lapply(X = preds, FUN = raster))

# testing against 9 permutations of the data
# -------------------------------------------
reps <- 9

# run hypothesis tests
# --------------------
if (file.exists(maxent.exe)){
  net <- niche.equivalency.test(samples, preds, reps, maxent.exe)
  net; plot(net)
  bst <- bg.similarity.test(samples, preds, reps, app = maxent.exe)
  bst; plot(bst)
} else {
  message("get a copy of MAXENT (see Details)")
}

Quantification of Niche Overlap

Description

This function quantifies the degree of niche overlap using the statistics D and I (as proposed by Warren et al., 2008) based on Schoeners D (Schoener, 1968) and Hellinger Distances (van der Vaart, 1998). Niche overlap can be calculated either from the probability surfaces of entire ecological niche models (Warren et al., 2008) or from single dimensions of the climatic niches (Evans et al., 2009).

Usage

niche.overlap(x)
niche.overlap(x)

Arguments

x

Might take one of the follwing forms: (1) a data frame containing predicted niche occupancy (PNO) profiles, e.g., as derived by pno; (2) a vector of filenames referencing to probability surfaces saved in ASCII-format with an ArcGIS-compatible header; (3) a list containing probability surfaces stored as objects of class SpatialGrid.

Value

A matrix of class "niolap". The upper triangle contains pairwise comparisons of niche overlap in terms of D, whereas the lower triangle contains values of I.

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Schoener, T.W. 1968. Anolis lizards in Bimini: resource partitioning in a complex fauna. Ecology 49: 704-726.

Van der Vaart, A.W. 1998. Asymptotic statistics. Cambridge University Press, U.K.

Warren, D. L., R. E. Glor, & M. Turelli. 2008. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution 62: 2868-2883.

Examples

# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(PNO)

# niche overlap on a annual precipitation gradient:
no <- niche.overlap(PNO$AnnualPrecipitation)

# upper triangle: based on Schoeners D
# lower triangle: based on Hellinger distances
print(no)	
# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(PNO)

# niche overlap on a annual precipitation gradient:
no <- niche.overlap(PNO$AnnualPrecipitation)

# upper triangle: based on Schoeners D
# lower triangle: based on Hellinger distances
print(no)

Oxalis section Palmatifoliae

Description

This is a data set of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae derived from a larger scale study by Heibl & Renner (2012). The sites data frame gives the coordinates (WGS1984) of the sites where Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae has been collected. These were taken as presence points in distribution modeling and the list of predicted niche occupancy profiles (PNO). Finally, tree holds a phylogenetic hypothesis for the section extracted from a relaxed molecular clock model of the phylogeny of Oxalidales based approx. 7500 bp of chloroplast and nuclear markers. For 19 bioclimatic variables summarizing temperature and precipiation and five species of Oxalis, the suitability or probability of occurence is given along the environmental gradients.

Usage

	data(PNO)
	data(sites)
	data(tree)
	data(PNO)
	data(sites)
	data(tree)

Format

sites: a data frame representing 290 collections of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae.
PNO: a list consisting of 19 matrixes. Each matrix corresponds to an environmental variable and contains the predicted niche occupancy profile (PNO) for each species of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae, whereby column 1 of each matrix gives the values of the environmental variable and columns 2-6 give probabilites of occurance of each species along the environmental gradient in column 1.
tree: an object of class "phylo" (see Value section of read.tree).

Source

Heibl, C. & S.S. Renner. Arid-adapted Distribution models and a dated phylogeny for Chilean Oxalis species reveal occupation of new habitats by different lineages, not rapid adaptive radiation. 2012. Syst. Biol. 61(5): 823-834.

Examples

# 290 collections of Palmatifoliae
# --------------------------------
data(sites)
plot(sites$long, sites$lat,
  xlab = "Longitude", ylab = "Latitude")

## PNO profiles along 19 bioclimatic variables
## -------------------------------------------
data(PNO); names(PNO)
temp <- names(PNO)[1]
plotPNO(PNO[[temp]], xlab = temp)

## phylogenetic hypothesis for Palmatifoliae
## -----------------------------------------
data(tree)
plot(tree)
# 290 collections of Palmatifoliae
# --------------------------------
data(sites)
plot(sites$long, sites$lat,
  xlab = "Longitude", ylab = "Latitude")

## PNO profiles along 19 bioclimatic variables
## -------------------------------------------
data(PNO); names(PNO)
temp <- names(PNO)[1]
plotPNO(PNO[[temp]], xlab = temp)

## phylogenetic hypothesis for Palmatifoliae
## -----------------------------------------
data(tree)
plot(tree)

Chronograms with Climatic Data on the Y-Axis

Description

Plot the history of climatic tolerance for a clade sensu Evans et al. (2009).

Usage

plotAncClim(x, layer, clades = NULL, col, density = TRUE, tipmode = 1,
  nchar = 3, cex, tipspace, cladespace = 1, lwd, ylab = "")
plotAncClim(x, layer, clades = NULL, col, density = TRUE, tipmode = 1,
  nchar = 3, cex, tipspace, cladespace = 1, lwd, ylab = "")

Arguments

`x`	A list with elements `tree`, `data`, and (optional) `central.density` (see details).
`layer`	Do not use.
`clades`	A list containing vectors of tip labels which define the clades to highlight.
`col`	A vector containing colors for different clades (see Examples).
`density`	Logical, if `TRUE`, the central density intervals for recent species are plotted.
`tipmode`	Integer: `tipmode = 0` means no tiplabels (and no central density intervals) are plotted; values `1`, `2`, and `3` define different ways of plotting the tiplabels (see Examples).
`nchar`	An integer giving the number of characters to which the tiplabels are truncated.
`cex`	Numeric character expansion factor for tiplabels; multiplied by `par`(`"cex"`) yields the final character size. `NULL` is are equivalent to `1.0`.
`tipspace`	The fraction of the x-axis that is reserved for tiplabel plotting. If no value is given (default), `plotAncClim` calculates the fraction as 1 - (4 / nbtips), but this can be overridden by specifiying a fixed value for `tipspace` in ]0, 1[.
`cladespace`	A positive reel number; tentative: a factor controlling the space between tiplabels of different clades.
`lwd`	The line width, a positive number, defaulting to 1.
`ylab`	A character string, giving a label for the y-axis, i.e., for the bioclimatic dimension of the plot.

Details

The main argument x is a list consisting of at least the first two of the following elements: (1) tree is an ultrametric phylogenetic tree stored as object of class phylo; (2) data is an object of class matrix; its columns correspond to bioclimatic variables and its rows corresond to node numbers such as defined by class phylo objects; (3) central.density must only be included if density = TRUE – it is a list, which for every bioclimatic variable, contains a matrix that contains the some minimum and maximum quantile of the respective bioclimatic variable for every tip in the tree.

References

Examples

 # load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
 data(tree)
 data(PNO)

# choose summer precipitation for analysis
clim <- PNO$PrecipitationWarmestQuarter

# estimate ancestral tolerances
ac <- anc.clim(target = tree, pno = clim, n = 100)

# visualize results with default branch coloration
plotAncClim(ac)

# alternative clade colors are given according to the order
# in which tip labels appear from left to right
plotAncClim(ac, col = c("red", "purple", "blue"))

# the 'tipmode' argument
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 0)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 1)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 2, nchar = 5)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 3, nchar = 4)
# load phylogeny and PNOs of Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
 data(tree)
 data(PNO)

# choose summer precipitation for analysis
clim <- PNO$PrecipitationWarmestQuarter

# estimate ancestral tolerances
ac <- anc.clim(target = tree, pno = clim, n = 100)

# visualize results with default branch coloration
plotAncClim(ac)

# alternative clade colors are given according to the order
# in which tip labels appear from left to right
plotAncClim(ac, col = c("red", "purple", "blue"))

# the 'tipmode' argument
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 0)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 1)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 2, nchar = 5)
plotAncClim(ac, tipmode = 3, nchar = 4)

Plot Predicted Niche Occupancy Profiles

Description

This function can be used to plot predicted niche occupancy profiles (PNOs). PNOs can be obtained in a geographical information system by summing the cumulative probabilies of each climatical value for a species distribution model (SDM).

Usage

plotPNO(x, subset = NULL, thinning = NULL, xlab = NULL, 
	tail_threshold = 0, wm = FALSE, legend.pos = "topleft")
plotPNO(x, subset = NULL, thinning = NULL, xlab = NULL, 
	tail_threshold = 0, wm = FALSE, legend.pos = "topleft")

Arguments

`x`	A data frame or matrix with columns corresponding to species and rows corresponding to values along an environmental gradient. The first columns contains the environmental variable, the remaining colums probabilities of suitability.
`subset`	A vector of mode `"character"` which can be used to restrict the calculation of weighted means to those columsn in `x` whose column names match `subset`; defaults to `NULL`.
`thinning`	An integer that can be used to thin fuzzy PNOs prior to plotting; defaults to `NULL`.
`xlab`	A character string given the label for the x-axis.
`tail_threshold`	A numeric that can be used cut long tails of PNOs; defaults to `0`.
`wm`	A logical indicating if weighted mean should added for each species.
`legend.pos`	Controls the position of the legend. Might eihter be a list object containing x and y coordinates (such as e.g. returned by `locator`) of the topleft corner of the legend box or one of the following: `"topleft"` (default), `"bottomleft"`, `"topright"`, or `"bottomright"`. If `legend.pos == NULL` the plotting of the legend is suppressed.

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Examples

# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(PNO)

# plot predicted niche occupany for annual mean temperature
plotPNO(x = PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature, 
	xlab = "Annual Mean Temperature (degree C)")
	
# same plot, but with weighted means added
plotPNO(x = PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature, 
	xlab = "Annual Mean Temperature (degree C)", wm = TRUE)
# load PNOs for Oxalis sect. Palmatifoliae
data(PNO)

# plot predicted niche occupany for annual mean temperature
plotPNO(x = PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature, 
	xlab = "Annual Mean Temperature (degree C)")
	
# same plot, but with weighted means added
plotPNO(x = PNO$AnnualMeanTemperature, 
	xlab = "Annual Mean Temperature (degree C)", wm = TRUE)

Predicted Niche Occupancy Profiles

Description

Following the approach of Evans et al. (2009), pno integrates species probability (suitability) distributions (e.g. derived with MAXENT) with respect to single climatic (or other environmental) variables in order to get predicted niche occupancy (PNO) profiles for each species and environmenatal variable.

Usage

pno(path_bioclim, path_model, subset = NULL, 
	bin_width = 1, bin_number = NULL)
pno(path_bioclim, path_model, subset = NULL, 
	bin_width = 1, bin_number = NULL)

Arguments

`path_bioclim`	The path leading to an ASCII raster map with environmental data (bioclimatic layer) and ArcGIS-compatible header.
`path_model`	The path leading to the directory, where MAXENT probability surfaces are stored as ASCII raster maps with ArcGIS-compatible header.
`subset`	A vector of mode 'character' giving taxon names if only a subset of the species ENMs in `path_model` is to be used
`bin_width`	A numeric, giving the bin interval.
`bin_number`	An integer, giving the number of bins used.

Details

The path arguments path_bioclim and path_model point to the directories where the environmental data and the MAXENT probability distributions must be stored as ASCII maps with an ArcGIS-compatible header (as obtained with MAXENT output filetype: asc). An example header:

	ncols	958
	nrows	376
	xllcorner	-73.440304
	yllcorner	-55.27622
	cellsize	0.0166
	NODATA_value	-9999

Value

A data frame of cumulative probalities of suitability for each value on an environmental gradient (rows) for the a set of studied taxa (rows). The first column gives the mean of each category.

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

References

Weighted means of niche dimensions

Description

This function calculates the mean of an environmental variable weighted by the cumulative probability of each value of the environmental gradient extracted from a species distibution model (e.g. MAXENT)

Usage

pno.weighted.mean(x, subset = NULL, normalize = TRUE)
pno.weighted.mean(x, subset = NULL, normalize = TRUE)

Arguments

`x`	A data frame or matrix with columns corresponding to species and rows corresponding to values along an environmental gradient. The first columns contains the environmental variable, the remaining colums probabilities of suitability.
`subset`	A vector of mode `"character"` which can be used to restrict the calculation of weighted means to those columsn in `x` whose column names match `subset`; defaults to `NULL`.
`normalize`	A logical, indicating whether to normalize PNOs prior to calculation of weighted means.

Value

A vector of weighted means corresponding to the columns in x.

Author(s)

Christoph Heibl

Package 'phyloclim'

Help Index

Phyloclimatic Data Analysis

Description

Details

Author(s)

References

See Also

Age-Range Correlation

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Estimation of Ancestral Climatic Tolerances

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Niche overlap for Oxalis enneaphylla and O. lacinita

Description

Usage

Format

Source

References

Examples

Niche Equivalency and Background Similarity Test

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Note

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Quantification of Niche Overlap

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Oxalis section Palmatifoliae

Description

Usage

Format

Source

Examples

Chronograms with Climatic Data on the Y-Axis

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

References

See Also

Examples

Plot Predicted Niche Occupancy Profiles

Description

Usage

Arguments

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Predicted Niche Occupancy Profiles

Description

Usage

Arguments