When looking at multivariate survival data with the aim of learning about the dependence that is present, possibly after correcting for some covariates different approaches are available in the mets package
Typically it can be hard or impossible to specify random effects models with special structure among the parameters of the random effects. This is possible for our specification of the random effects models.
To be concrete about the model structure assume that we have paired survival data (T1, δ1, T2, δ2, X1, X2) where the censored survival responses are (T1, δ1, T2, δ2) and the covariates are (X1, X2).
The basic models assumes that each subject has a marginal on Cox-form λs(k, i)(t)exp (XkiTβ) where s(k, i) is a strata variable.
The constructed likelihood is a composite likehood based on
all pairs within each cluster (when the pairs argument is not used)
the specified pairs when the pairs argument is used.
In addition to the clusters specified for the construction of the composite likelihood these can be added further summed using the se.clusters argument that sums the influence functions over the se.clusters. When se.clusters are not specified it is the same as the cluster argument.
When the clusters of the dependence parametaters are the same as those of the marginal model and the phreg function is used then the standard errors are corrected for the uncertainty from the marginal models, otherwise the returned standard errors are computed as if the marginals are known.
The focus of this vignette is describe how to work on bivariate survival data using the addtive gamma-random effects models. We present two different ways of specifying different dependence structures.
Univariate models with a single random effect for each cluster and with a regression design on the variance.
Multivariate models with multiple random effects for each cluster.
The univariate models are then given a given cluster random effects Zk with parameter θ the joint survival function is given by the Clayton copula and on the form ψ(θ, ψ−1(θ, S1(t, Xk1)) + ψ−1(θ, S1(t, Xk1)) where ψ is the Laplace transform of a gamma distributed random variable with mean 1 and variance θ.
We then model the variance within clusters by a cluster specific regression design such that θ = h(zjTα) where z is the regression design (specified by theta.des in the software), and h is link function, that is either exp or the identity.
This model can be fitted using a pairwise likelihood or the pseudo-likelihood using either
twostage
twostageMLE
To make the twostage approach possible we need a model with specific structure for the marginals. Therefore given the random effect of the clusters the survival distributions within a cluster are independent and on the form P(Tj > t|Xj, Z) = exp(−Z ⋅ Ψ−1(ν−1, S(t|Xj))) with Ψ the laplace of the gamma distribution with mean 1 and variance 1/ν.
For the multivariate models we are given a multivarite random effect each cluster Z = (Z1, ..., Zd) with d random effects. The total random effect for each subject j in a cluster is then specified using a regression design on these random effects, with a regression vector Vj such that the total random effect is VjT(Z1, ..., Zd). The elements of VJ are 1/0. The random effects (Z1, ..., Zd) has associated parameters (λ1, ..., λd) and Zj is Gamma distributed with
mean λj/V1Tλ
variance λj/(V1Tλ)2
The key assumption to make the two-stage fitting possible is that is constant within clusters. The consequence of this is that the total random effect for each subject within a cluster, VjT(Z1, ..., Zd), is gamma distributed with variance 1/ν.
The DEFAULT parametrization (var.par=1) uses the variances of the random effecs For alternative parametrizations one can specify that the parameters are θj = λj with the argument var.par=0.
Finally the parameters (θ1, ..., θd) are related to the parameters of the model by a regression construction M (d x k), that links the d θ parameters with the k underlying α parameters The default is a diagonal matrix for M. This can be used to make structural assumptions about the variances of the random-effects as is needed for the ACE model for example. In the software $ M $ is called theta.des
Assume that the marginal survival distribution for subject i within cluster k is given by SXk, i(t) given covariates Xk, i.
Now given the random effects of the cluster Zk and the covariatesXk, i i = 1, …, nk we assume that subjects within the cluster are independent with survival distributions
A consequence of this is that the hazards given the covariates Xk, i and the random effects Zk are given by where Dt and D3 denotes the partial derivatives with respect to t and the third argument, respectively.
Further, we can express the multivariate survival distribution as In the case of considering just pairs, we write this function as C(Sk, i(t), Sk, j(t)).
In addition to survival times from this model, we assume that we independent right censoring present Uk, i such that the given Vk and the covariatesXk, i i = 1, …, nk (Uk, 1, …, Uk, nk) of (Tk, 1, …, Tk, nk), and the conditional censoring distribution do not depend on Vk.
One consequence of the model strucure is that the Kendall’s can be
computed for two-subjects (i, j) across two clusters
1'' and2’’ as under the assumption that that we compare
pairs with equivalent marginals, SX1, i(t) = SX2, i(t)
and SX1, j(t) = SX2, j(t),
and that SX1, i(∞) = SX1, j(∞) = 0.
Here we also use that η is the
same across clusters. The Kendall’s tau would be the same for due to the
same additive structure for the frailty terms, and the random effects
thus have the same interpretation in terms of Kendall’s tau.
We start by fitting simple Clayton-Oakes models for the data, that is with an overall random effect that is Gamma distrubuted with variance θ. We can fit the model by a pseudo-MLE (twostageMLE) and a pairwise composite likelihood approach (twostage).
The pseudo-liklihood and the composite pairwise likelhood should give the same for this model since we have paired data. In addition the log-parametrization is illustrated with the var.link=1 option. In addition it is specified that we want a “clayton.oakes” model. We note that the standard errors differs because the twostage does not include the variance due to the baseline parameters for this type of modelling, so here it is better to use the twostageMLE.
library(mets)
data(diabetes)
set.seed(100)
# Marginal Cox model with treat as covariate
margph <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~treat+cluster(id),data=diabetes)
# Clayton-Oakes, MLE
fitco1<-twostageMLE(margph,data=diabetes,theta=1.0)
summary(fitco1)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9526614 0.3543033 2.68883 0.007170289 0.322645 0.08127892
#>
#> $type
#> NULL
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
# Clayton-Oakes
fitco2 <- survival.twostage(margph,data=diabetes,theta=0.0,
clusters=diabetes$id,var.link=1,model="clayton.oakes")
summary(fitco2)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 -0.0484957 0.3718487 -0.1304178 0.8962359 0.322645 0.08126576
#>
#> $vargam
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 0.9527 0.3542 0.2584 1.647 0.007161
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
fitco3 <- survival.twostage(margph,data=diabetes,theta=1.0,
clusters=diabetes$id,var.link=0,model="clayton.oakes")
summary(fitco3)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9526614 0.3543 2.688855 0.007169754 0.322645 0.08127816
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"Note, the standard errors are slightly different when comparing fitco1 with fitco3 since the survival.twostage uses numerical derivatives for the hessian and the derivative in the direction of the marginal model.
The marginal models can be either structured Cox model or as here with a baseline for each strata. This gives quite similar results to those before.
# without covariates but marginal model stratified
marg <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~+strata(treat)+cluster(id),data=diabetes)
fitco<-twostageMLE(marg,data=diabetes,theta=1.0)
summary(fitco)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9447446 0.3516204 2.686831 0.007213349 0.320824 0.08109776
#>
#> $type
#> NULL
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
fitcoa <- survival.twostage(marg,data=diabetes,theta=1.0,clusters=diabetes$id,
model="clayton.oakes",var.link=0)
summary(fitcoa)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9447446 0.3516129 2.686889 0.007212097 0.320824 0.08109601
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"Let the cross-hazard ratio (CHR) be defined as where λ1 and λ2 are the conditional hazard functions of T1 and T2 given covariates. For the Clayton-Oakes model this ratio is η(t1, t2) = 1 + θ, and as a consequence we see that if the co-twin is dead at any time we would increase our risk assessment on the hazard scale with the constant η(t1, t2). The Clayton-Oakes model also has the nice property that Kendall’s tau is linked directly to the dependence parameter θ and is 1/(1 + 2/θ).
A very useful extension of the model the constant cross-hazard ratio (CHR) model is the piecewise constant cross-hazard ratio (CHR) for bivariate survival data , and this model was extended to competing risks in .
In the survival setting we let the CHR
The model lets the CHR by constant in different part of the plane. This can be thought of also as having a separate Clayton-Oakes model for each of the regions specified in the plane here by the cut-points c(0, 0.5, 2) thus defining 9 regions.
This provides a constructive goodness of fit test for the whether the Clayton-Oakes model is valid. Indeed if valid the parameter should be the same in all regions.
First we generate some data from the Clayton-Oakes model with variance 0.5 and 2000 pairs. And fit the related model.
d <- simClaytonOakes(200,2,0.5,0,3)
margph <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~x+cluster(cluster),data=d)
# Clayton-Oakes, MLE
fitco1<-twostageMLE(margph,data=d)
summary(fitco1)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 2.283394 0.3164797 7.21498 5.393463e-13 0.5330806 0.03449846
#>
#> $type
#> NULL
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"Now we cut the region at the cut-points c(0, 0.5, 2) thus defining 9 regions
and fit a separate model for each region.
We see that the parameter is indeed rather constant over the 9 regions.
A formal test can be constructed.
udp <- piecewise.twostage(c(0,0.5,2),data=d,id="cluster",timevar="time",status="status",model="clayton.oakes",silent=0)
#> Data-set 1 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 55 of 200
#> Data-set 2 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 25 of 116
#> Data-set 3 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 28 of 120
#> Data-set 4 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 50 of 91
summary(udp)
#> [1] 1
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> log-coefficient for dependence parameter (SE)
#> 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 2
#> 0 - 0.5 0.566 (0.222) 1.278 (0.223)
#> 0.5 - 2 0.519 (0.268) 1.092 (0.205)
#>
#> Kendall's tau (SE)
#> 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 2
#> 0 - 0.5 0.468 (0.055) 0.642 (0.051)
#> 0.5 - 2 0.457 (0.066) 0.598 (0.049)To illustrate how the multivariate models can be used, we first set up some twin data with ACE structure. That is two shared random effects, one being the genes σg2 and one the environmental effect σe2. Monozygotic twins share all genes whereas the dizygotic twins only share half the genes. This can be expressed via 5 random effect for each twin pair (for example). We start by setting this up.
The pardes matrix tells how the the parameters of the 5 random effects are related, and the matrix her first has one random effect with parameter θ1 (here the σg2 ), then the next 3 random effects have parameters 0.5θ1 (here 0.5σg2 ), and the last random effect that is given by its own parameter θ2 (here σe2 ).
data <- simClaytonOakes.twin.ace(200,2,1,0,3)
out <- twin.polygen.design(data,id="cluster",zyg="DZ",zygname="zyg",type="ace")
pardes <- out$pardes
pardes
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1.0 0
#> [2,] 0.5 0
#> [3,] 0.5 0
#> [4,] 0.5 0
#> [5,] 0.0 1The last part of the model structure is to decide how the random effects are shared for the different pairs (MZ and DZ), this is specfied by the random effects design (V1 and V2) for each pair. This is here specified by an overall designmatrix for each subject (since they enter all pairs with the same random effects design).
For an MZ pair the two share the full gene random effect and the full environmental random effect. In contrast the DZ pairs share the 2nd random effect with half the gene-variance and have both a non-shared gene-random effect with half the variance, and finally a fully shared environmental random effect.
des.rv <- out$des.rv
# MZ
head(des.rv,2)
#> MZ DZ DZns1 DZns2 env
#> 1 1 0 0 0 1
#> 2 1 0 0 0 1
# DZ
tail(des.rv,2)
#> MZ DZ DZns1 DZns2 env
#> 399 0 1 1 0 1
#> 400 0 1 0 1 1Now we call the twostage function. We see that we essentially recover the true values, and note that the output also compares the sizes of the genetic and environmental random effect. This number is sometimes called the heritability. In addition the total variance for each subject is also computed and is here around 3, as we indeed constructed.
### data <- simClaytonOakes.twin.ace(2000,2,1,0,3)
### out <- twin.polygen.design(data,id="cluster",zyg="DZ",zygname="zyg",type="ace")
aa <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~x+cluster(cluster),data=data)
ts <- twostage(aa,data=data,clusters=data$cluster,
theta=c(2,1),var.link=0,random.design=out$des.rv,theta.des=out$pardes)
summary(ts)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 2.051732 0.6981882 2.938652 0.003296431 0.5063840 0.08505916
#> dependence2 1.025707 0.5674045 1.807717 0.070650519 0.3389974 0.12395643
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.6667 0.19 0.29431 1.0391 0.0004498
#> [2,] 0.3333 0.19 -0.03909 0.7057 0.0793902
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 3.077 0.3982 2.297 3.858 1.092e-14
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"run <- 0
if (run==1) {
data <- simClaytonOakes.twin.ace(1000000,2,1,0,3)
out <- twin.polygen.design(data,id="cluster",zyg="DZ",zygname="zyg",type="ace")
pardes <- out$pardes
aa <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~x+cluster(cluster),data=data)
system.time(
ts <- twostage(aa,data=data,clusters=data$cluster,
theta=c(2,1),var.link=0,random.design=out$des.rv,theta.des=out$pardes)
)
summary(ts)
}The estimates can be transformed into Kendall’s tau estimates for MZ and DZ twins. The Kendall’s tau in the above output reflects how a gamma distributed random effect in the normal Clayton-Oakes model is related to the Kendall’s tau. In this setting the Kendall’s of MZ and DZ, however, should reflect both random effects.
We do this based on simulations. The Kendall’s tau of the MZ is around 0.60, and for DZ around 0.33. Both are quite high and this is due to a large shared environmental effect and large genetic effect.
For family data, things are quite similar since we use only the pairwise structure. We show how the designs are specified.
First we simulate data from an ACE model. 2000 families with two-parents that share only the environment, and two-children that share genes with their parents.
library(mets)
set.seed(1000)
data <- simClaytonOakes.family.ace(200,2,1,0,3)
head(data)
#> time status x cluster type mintime lefttime truncated
#> 1 0.4139376 1 0 1 mother 0.4139376 0 0
#> 2 1.6435053 1 1 1 father 0.4139376 0 0
#> 3 1.2485275 1 0 1 child 0.4139376 0 0
#> 4 1.1079118 1 1 1 child 0.4139376 0 0
#> 5 3.0000000 0 0 2 mother 1.6718726 0 0
#> 6 2.0085566 1 1 2 father 1.6718726 0 0
data$number <- c(1,2,3,4)
data$child <- 1*(data$number==3)To set up the random effects some functions can be used. We here set up the ACE model that has 9 random effects with one shared environmental effect (the last random effect) and 4 genetic random effects for each parent, with variance σg2/4.
The random effect is again set-up with an overall designmatrix because it is again the same for each subject for all comparisons across family members. We below demonstrate how the model can be specified in various other ways.
Each child share 2 genetic random effects with each parent, and also share 2 genetic random effects with his/her sibling.
out <- ace.family.design(data,member="type",id="cluster")
out$pardes
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 0.25 0
#> [2,] 0.25 0
#> [3,] 0.25 0
#> [4,] 0.25 0
#> [5,] 0.25 0
#> [6,] 0.25 0
#> [7,] 0.25 0
#> [8,] 0.25 0
#> [9,] 0.00 1
head(out$des.rv,4)
#> m1 m2 m3 m4 f1 f2 f3 f4 env
#> [1,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
#> [2,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
#> [3,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
#> [4,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Then we fit the model
pa <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~+1+cluster(cluster),data=data)
# make ace random effects design
ts <- twostage(pa,data=data,clusters=data$cluster,var.par=1,var.link=0,theta=c(2,1),
random.design=out$des.rv,theta.des=out$pardes)
summary(ts)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 2.0094622 0.5369170 3.742594 0.0001821303 0.5011800 0.06679822
#> dependence2 0.6503464 0.2136795 3.043561 0.0023379628 0.2453817 0.06083976
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.7555 0.09823 0.56297 0.948 1.458e-14
#> [2,] 0.2445 0.09823 0.05199 0.437 1.280e-02
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 2.66 0.4459 1.786 3.534 2.437e-09
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"The model can also be fitted by specifying the pairs that one wants for the pairwise likelhood. This is done by specifying the pairs argument. We start by considering all pairs as we also did before.
All pairs can be written up by calling the familycluster.index function.
There are xx pairs to consider, and the first 6 pairs for the first family is written out here.
# now specify fitting via specific pairs
# first all pairs
mm <- familycluster.index(data$cluster)
head(mm$familypairindex,n=12)
#> [1] 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
pairs <- matrix(mm$familypairindex,ncol=2,byrow=TRUE)
head(pairs,n=6)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1 2
#> [2,] 1 3
#> [3,] 1 4
#> [4,] 2 3
#> [5,] 2 4
#> [6,] 3 4Then fitting the model using only specified pairs
ts <- twostage(pa,data=data,clusters=data$cluster, theta=c(2,1),var.link=0,step=1.0,
random.design=out$des.rv, theta.des=out$pardes,pairs=pairs)
summary(ts)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 2.0094622 0.5369170 3.742594 0.0001821303 0.5011800 0.06679822
#> dependence2 0.6503464 0.2136795 3.043561 0.0023379628 0.2453817 0.06083976
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.7555 0.09823 0.56297 0.948 1.458e-14
#> [2,] 0.2445 0.09823 0.05199 0.437 1.280e-02
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 2.66 0.4459 1.786 3.534 2.437e-09
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"Now we only use a random sample of the pairs by sampling these. The pairs picked still refers to the data given in the data argument, and clusters (families) are also specified as before.
ssid <- sort(sample(1:nrow(pairs),200))
tsd <- twostage(pa,data=data,clusters=data$cluster,
theta=c(2,1)/10,var.link=0,random.design=out$des.rv,
theta.des=out$pardes,pairs=pairs[ssid,])
summary(tsd)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9237395 0.6070493 1.521688 0.1280873 0.3159445 0.14202885
#> dependence2 0.4087673 0.2660432 1.536469 0.1244233 0.1696998 0.09170489
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.6932 0.2523 0.1987 1.1878 0.00601
#> [2,] 0.3068 0.2523 -0.1878 0.8013 0.22410
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.333 0.4803 0.3912 2.274 0.00553
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"Sometimes one only has the data from the pairs in addition to for
example a cohort estimate of the marginal surival models. We now
demonstrate how this is dealt with. Everything is essentially as before
but need to organize the design differently compared to before we
specified the design
for everybody in the cohort. In addition we do not here bring in the
uncertainty from the baseline in the estimates, even though this is
formally possible, but when the data of the marginal model and twostage
data are not the same, we have to specify that we do not want the
decomposition for the uncertainty due to the baseline
(baseline.iid=0).
ids <- sort(unique(c(pairs[ssid,])))
pairsids <- c(pairs[ssid,])
pair.new <- matrix(fast.approx(ids,c(pairs[ssid,])),ncol=2)
head(pair.new)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1 2
#> [2,] 3 4
#> [3,] 3 6
#> [4,] 5 6
#> [5,] 7 8
#> [6,] 9 11
# this requires that pair.new refers to id's in dataid (survival, status and so forth)
# random.design and theta.des are constructed to be the array 3 dims via individual specfication from ace.family.design
dataid <- dsort(data[ids,],"cluster")
outid <- ace.family.design(dataid,member="type",id="cluster")
outid$pardes
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 0.25 0
#> [2,] 0.25 0
#> [3,] 0.25 0
#> [4,] 0.25 0
#> [5,] 0.25 0
#> [6,] 0.25 0
#> [7,] 0.25 0
#> [8,] 0.25 0
#> [9,] 0.00 1
head(outid$des.rv)
#> m1 m2 m3 m4 f1 f2 f3 f4 env
#> [1,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
#> [2,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
#> [3,] 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
#> [4,] 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
#> [5,] 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
#> [6,] 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Now fitting the model using only the pair data.
tsdid <- twostage(pa,data=dataid,clusters=dataid$cluster,theta=c(2,1)/10,var.link=0,baseline.iid=0,
random.design=outid$des.rv,theta.des=outid$pardes,pairs=pair.new)
summary(tsdid)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9237395 0.6040859 1.529153 0.1262266 0.3159445 0.14133553
#> dependence2 0.4087673 0.2590853 1.577732 0.1146271 0.1696998 0.08930652
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.6932 0.2487 0.2058 1.1807 0.005311
#> [2,] 0.3068 0.2487 -0.1807 0.7942 0.217376
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.333 0.4784 0.3949 2.27 0.005345
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
paid <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~+1+cluster(cluster),data=dataid)
tsdidb <- twostage(paid,data=dataid,clusters=dataid$cluster,theta=c(2,1)/10,
var.link=0,random.design=outid$des.rv,theta.des=outid$pardes,pairs=pair.new)
summary(tsdidb)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9405413 0.6151098 1.529062 0.1262490 0.3198531 0.14227484
#> dependence2 0.3381704 0.2557053 1.322501 0.1860015 0.1446303 0.09354431
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.7355 0.2499 0.2458 1.2253 0.003247
#> [2,] 0.2645 0.2499 -0.2253 0.7542 0.289925
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.279 0.4865 0.3251 2.232 0.008583
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
coef(tsdid)
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9237395 0.6040859 1.529153 0.1262266 0.3159445 0.14133553
#> dependence2 0.4087673 0.2590853 1.577732 0.1146271 0.1696998 0.08930652Estimates changed because we used either the marginal from the full-data, in which case the standard errors did not reflect the uncertainty from the baseline, or the marginal estimated from only the sub-sample in which case the marginals were slightly different.
Now we illustrate how one can also directly specify the random.design and theta.design for each pair, rather than taking an overall specification that can be used for the whole family via the rows of the des.rv for the relevant pairs. This can be much simpler in some situations.
pair.types <- matrix(dataid[c(t(pair.new)),"type"],byrow=T,ncol=2)
head(pair.new)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1 2
#> [2,] 3 4
#> [3,] 3 6
#> [4,] 5 6
#> [5,] 7 8
#> [6,] 9 11
head(pair.types)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] "father" "child"
#> [2,] "mother" "father"
#> [3,] "mother" "child"
#> [4,] "child" "child"
#> [5,] "father" "child"
#> [6,] "mother" "child"
theta.des <- rbind( c(rbind(c(1,0),c(1,0),c(0,1),c(0,0))),
c(rbind(c(0.5,0),c(0.5,0),c(0.5,0),c(0,1))))
random.des <- rbind(
c(1,0,1,0),c(0,1,1,0),
c(1,1,0,1),c(1,0,1,1))
mf <- 1*(pair.types[,1]=="mother" & pair.types[,2]=="father")
## pair, rv related to pairs, theta.des related to pair
pairs.new <- cbind(pair.new,(mf==1)*1+(mf==0)*3,(mf==1)*2+(mf==0)*4,(mf==1)*1+(mf==0)*2,(mf==1)*3+(mf==0)*4)pairs.new is matix with
columns 1:2 giving the indeces of the data points
columns 3:4 giving the indeces of the random.design for the different pairs
columns 5 giving the indeces of the theta.des written as rows
columns 6 giving the number of random variables for this pair
Looking at the first three rows. We see that the composite likehood is based on data-points (1,2), (3,4) and (5,6), these are (mother, father), (mother, child), and (father, child), respectively.
head(pairs.new[1:3,])
#> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
#> [1,] 1 2 3 4 2 4
#> [2,] 3 4 1 2 1 3
#> [3,] 3 6 3 4 2 4
head(dataid)
#> time status x cluster type mintime lefttime truncated number child
#> 2 1.643505 1 1 1 father 0.4139376 0 0 2 0
#> 4 1.107912 1 1 1 child 0.4139376 0 0 4 0
#> 5 3.000000 0 0 2 mother 1.6718726 0 0 1 0
#> 6 2.008557 1 1 2 father 1.6718726 0 0 2 0
#> 7 1.671873 1 1 2 child 1.6718726 0 0 3 1
#> 8 1.763022 1 1 2 child 1.6718726 0 0 4 0The random effects for these are specified from random effects with design read from the random.design, using the rows (1,2), (3,4) and (3,4), respecively, and with random effects that have variances given by theta.des rows, 1,2, and 2 respectively in the three cases. For the first pair (1,2), the random vectors and their variances are given by, (mother, father) pair,
random.des[1,]
#> [1] 1 0 1 0
random.des[2,]
#> [1] 0 1 1 0
matrix(theta.des[1,],4,2)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1 0
#> [2,] 1 0
#> [3,] 0 1
#> [4,] 0 0thus sharing only the third random effect with variance σe2 and having two non-shared random effects with variances σg2, and finally a last 4th random effect with variance 0 that thus could have been omitted.
The length of all rows of theta.des are the maximum number of random effects × the number of parameters. These two numbers are given in the call. In this case 4 × 2. So theta.des has rows of length 8, possibly including some 0’s for rows not relevant due to fewer random effects, as is the case here for pairs that do not share genetic effects.
Now considering the parent and their child, they are thus sharing the first random effect with variance 0.5σg2 then there are two non-shared random effects with variances 0.5σg2, and finally a shared environment with variance σe2.
head(dataid)
#> time status x cluster type mintime lefttime truncated number child
#> 2 1.643505 1 1 1 father 0.4139376 0 0 2 0
#> 4 1.107912 1 1 1 child 0.4139376 0 0 4 0
#> 5 3.000000 0 0 2 mother 1.6718726 0 0 1 0
#> 6 2.008557 1 1 2 father 1.6718726 0 0 2 0
#> 7 1.671873 1 1 2 child 1.6718726 0 0 3 1
#> 8 1.763022 1 1 2 child 1.6718726 0 0 4 0
matrix(theta.des[2,],4,2)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 0.5 0
#> [2,] 0.5 0
#> [3,] 0.5 0
#> [4,] 0.0 1
random.des[3,]
#> [1] 1 1 0 1
random.des[4,]
#> [1] 1 0 1 1And fitting again the same model as before
tsdid2 <- twostage(pa,data=dataid,clusters=dataid$cluster,
theta=c(2,1)/10,var.link=0,step=1.0,random.design=random.des,
baseline.iid=0, theta.des=theta.des,pairs=pairs.new,dim.theta=2)
summary(tsdid2)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9237395 0.6040859 1.529153 0.1262266 0.3159445 0.14133553
#> dependence2 0.4087673 0.2590853 1.577732 0.1146271 0.1696998 0.08930652
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.6932 0.2487 0.2058 1.1807 0.005311
#> [2,] 0.3068 0.2487 -0.1807 0.7942 0.217376
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.333 0.4784 0.3949 2.27 0.005345
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
tsd$theta
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 0.9237395
#> [2,] 0.4087673
tsdid2$theta
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 0.9237395
#> [2,] 0.4087673
tsdid$theta
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 0.9237395
#> [2,] 0.4087673Finally the same model structure can be setup based on a Kinship coefficient.
kinship <- rep(0.5,nrow(pair.types))
kinship[pair.types[,1]=="mother" & pair.types[,2]=="father"] <- 0
head(kinship,n=10)
#> [1] 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0
out <- make.pairwise.design(pair.new,kinship,type="ace") Same output as before
tsdid3 <- twostage(pa,data=dataid,clusters=dataid$cluster,
theta=c(2,1)/10,var.link=0,step=1.0,random.design=out$random.design,
baseline.iid=0,theta.des=out$theta.des,pairs=out$new.pairs,dim.theta=2)
summary(tsdid3)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9237395 0.6040859 1.529153 0.1262266 0.3159445 0.14133553
#> dependence2 0.4087673 0.2590853 1.577732 0.1146271 0.1696998 0.08930652
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 0.6932 0.2487 0.2058 1.1807 0.005311
#> [2,] 0.3068 0.2487 -0.1807 0.7942 0.217376
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.333 0.4784 0.3949 2.27 0.005345
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
tsdid2$theta
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 0.9237395
#> [2,] 0.4087673
tsdid$theta
#> [,1]
#> [1,] 0.9237395
#> [2,] 0.4087673Now fitting the AE model without the “C” component for shared environment:
outae <- make.pairwise.design(pair.new,kinship,type="ae")
tsdid4 <- twostage(pa,data=dataid,clusters=dataid$cluster,
theta=c(2,1)/10,var.link=0,random.design=outae$random.design,
baseline.iid=0,theta.des=outae$theta.des,pairs=outae$new.pairs,dim.theta=1)
summary(tsdid4)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 1.932485 0.5702673 3.388735 0.0007021583 0.4914157 0.0737521
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> $h
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> [1,] 1 0 1 1 0
#>
#> $vare
#> NULL
#>
#> $vartot
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> p1 1.932 0.5703 0.8148 3.05 0.0007022
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"We now illustate how to estimate all pairwise associations between different family-members using the twostage function. They key is specify the pairs for the composite likelihood directly and then the associated design-matrix directly. This needs to be done looking at both subjects in the pairs, and the design therefore follows the pairs and is a matrix where its row is given as the third column in the pairs argument.
First we get the pairs to be considered
library(mets)
set.seed(1000)
data <- simClaytonOakes.family.ace(200,2,1,0,3)
head(data)
#> time status x cluster type mintime lefttime truncated
#> 1 0.4139376 1 0 1 mother 0.4139376 0 0
#> 2 1.6435053 1 1 1 father 0.4139376 0 0
#> 3 1.2485275 1 0 1 child 0.4139376 0 0
#> 4 1.1079118 1 1 1 child 0.4139376 0 0
#> 5 3.0000000 0 0 2 mother 1.6718726 0 0
#> 6 2.0085566 1 1 2 father 1.6718726 0 0
data$number <- c(1,2,3,4)
data$child <- 1*(data$number==3)
mm <- familycluster.index(data$cluster)
head(mm$familypairindex,n=20)
#> [1] 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4 5 6 5 7 5 8 6 7
pairs <- mm$pairs
dim(pairs)
#> [1] 1200 2
head(pairs,12)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 1 2
#> [2,] 1 3
#> [3,] 1 4
#> [4,] 2 3
#> [5,] 2 4
#> [6,] 3 4
#> [7,] 5 6
#> [8,] 5 7
#> [9,] 5 8
#> [10,] 6 7
#> [11,] 6 8
#> [12,] 7 8Now we construct the design matrix related to the pairs
dtypes <- interaction( data[pairs[,1],"type"], data[pairs[,2],"type"])
dtypes <- droplevels(dtypes)
table(dtypes)
#> dtypes
#> child.child father.child mother.child mother.father
#> 200 400 400 200
dm <- model.matrix(~-1+factor(dtypes))
head(dm)
#> factor(dtypes)child.child factor(dtypes)father.child
#> 1 0 0
#> 2 0 0
#> 3 0 0
#> 4 0 1
#> 5 0 1
#> 6 1 0
#> factor(dtypes)mother.child factor(dtypes)mother.father
#> 1 0 1
#> 2 1 0
#> 3 1 0
#> 4 0 0
#> 5 0 0
#> 6 0 0Then we fit the model:
pa <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~cluster(cluster),data)
tsp <- twostage(pa,data=data,theta.des=dm,pairs=cbind(pairs,1:nrow(dm)),se.clusters=data$clust)
summary(tsp)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val
#> factor(dtypes)child.child 0.01865073 0.2087690 0.08933666 0.928814359
#> factor(dtypes)father.child -0.29471237 0.2167688 -1.35956992 0.173966062
#> factor(dtypes)mother.child -0.24879997 0.1949185 -1.27643105 0.201803188
#> factor(dtypes)mother.father -1.42550068 0.5159729 -2.76274312 0.005731786
#> Kendall tau SE
#> factor(dtypes)child.child 0.3374907 0.04667882
#> factor(dtypes)father.child 0.2713351 0.04285787
#> factor(dtypes)mother.child 0.2805072 0.03933901
#> factor(dtypes)mother.father 0.1072975 0.04942234
#>
#> $vargam
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 1.0188 0.2127 0.601943 1.4357 1.668e-06
#> dependence2 0.7447 0.1614 0.428334 1.0612 3.965e-06
#> dependence3 0.7797 0.1520 0.481851 1.0776 2.892e-07
#> dependence4 0.2404 0.1240 -0.002714 0.4835 5.261e-02
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"We note that mother-father have the smallest correlation since they only share the environmental random effect, whereas other pairs have a similar correlation (in fact the same due to the way the data was simulated) consisting of half the genetic effect and the environmental effect that was also shared.
The copula known as the Plackett distribution, see , is on the form with S = 1 + (θ − 1)(u + v). With marginals Si we now define the bivariate survival function as C(u1, u2) = H(S1(t1), S2(t2)) with ui = Si(ti).
The dependence parameter θ has the nice interpretation that the it is equivalent to the odds-ratio of all 2 × 2 tables for surviving past any cut of the plane (t1, t2), that is $$ \theta = \frac{ P(T_1 > t_1 | T_2 >t_2) P(T_1 \leq t_1 | T_2>t_2) }{P(T_1 > t_1 | T_2 \leq t_2) P(T_1 \leq t_1 | T_2 \leq t_2 ) }. $$
One additional nice feature of the odds-ratio measure it that it is directly linked to the Spearman correlation, ρ, that can be computed as when θ ≠ 1, if θ = 1 then ρ = 0.
This model has a more free parameter than the Clayton-Oakes model.
library(mets)
data(diabetes)
# Marginal Cox model with treat as covariate
margph <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~treat+cluster(id),data=diabetes)
# Clayton-Oakes, MLE
fitco1<-twostageMLE(margph,data=diabetes,theta=1.0)
summary(fitco1)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> $estimates
#> Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 0.9526614 0.3543033 2.68883 0.007170289 0.322645 0.08127892
#>
#> $type
#> NULL
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
# Plackett model
mph <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~treat+cluster(id),data=diabetes)
fitp <- survival.twostage(mph,data=diabetes,theta=3.0,
clusters=diabetes$id,var.link=1,model="plackett")
summary(fitp)
#> Dependence parameter for Odds-Ratio (Plackett) model
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val Spearman Corr. SE
#> dependence1 1.14188 0.3026537 3.772891 0.0001613666 0.3648216 0.08869229
#>
#> $or
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 3.133 0.9481 1.274 4.991 0.0009528
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "plackett"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
# without covariates but with stratafied
marg <- phreg(Surv(time,status)~+strata(treat)+cluster(id),data=diabetes)
fitpa <- survival.twostage(marg,data=diabetes,theta=1.0,
clusters=diabetes$id)
summary(fitpa)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 -0.05684062 0.3721207 -0.1527478 0.8785971 0.320824 0.08108359
#>
#> $vargam
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 0.9447 0.3516 0.2557 1.634 0.007203
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"
fitcoa <- survival.twostage(marg,data=diabetes,theta=1.0,clusters=diabetes$id,
model="clayton.oakes")
summary(fitcoa)
#> Dependence parameter for Clayton-Oakes model
#> Variance of Gamma distributed random effects
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val Kendall tau SE
#> dependence1 -0.05684062 0.3721207 -0.1527478 0.8785971 0.320824 0.08108359
#>
#> $vargam
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 0.9447 0.3516 0.2557 1.634 0.007203
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "clayton.oakes"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage"With a regression design
mm <- model.matrix(~-1+factor(adult),diabetes)
fitp <- survival.twostage(mph,data=diabetes,theta=3.0,Nit=40,
clusters=diabetes$id,var.link=1,model="plackett",
theta.des=mm)
summary(fitp)
#> Dependence parameter for Odds-Ratio (Plackett) model
#> With log-link
#> $estimates
#> log-Coef. SE z P-val Spearman Corr.
#> factor(adult)1 1.098332 0.3630524 3.025272 0.002484097 0.3519987
#> factor(adult)2 1.231962 0.5233261 2.354100 0.018567607 0.3909504
#> SE
#> factor(adult)1 0.1074107
#> factor(adult)2 0.1501987
#>
#> $or
#> Estimate Std.Err 2.5% 97.5% P-value
#> dependence1 2.999 1.089 0.8650 5.133 0.00588
#> dependence2 3.428 1.794 -0.0881 6.944 0.05602
#>
#> $type
#> [1] "plackett"
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "summary.mets.twostage" # Piecewise constant cross hazards ratio modelling
d <- subset(simClaytonOakes(1000,2,0.5,0,stoptime=2,left=0),!truncated)
udp <- piecewise.twostage(c(0,0.5,2),data=d,id="cluster",timevar="time",
status="status",model="plackett",silent=0)
#> Data-set 1 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 254 of 1000
#> Data-set 2 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 106 of 609
#> Data-set 3 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 136 of 640
#> Data-set 4 out of 4
#> Number of joint events: 328 of 503
summary(udp)
#> [1] 1
#> Dependence parameter for Plackett model
#> log-coefficient for dependence parameter (SE)
#> 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 2
#> 0 - 0.5 1.794 (0.106) 1.888 (0.139)
#> 0.5 - 2 1.582 (0.141) 2.18 (0.109)
#>
#> Spearman Correlation (SE)
#> 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 2
#> 0 - 0.5 0.54 (0.026) 0.563 (0.033)
#> 0.5 - 2 0.487 (0.037) 0.628 (0.023)sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
#>
#> Matrix products: default
#> BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3
#> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so; LAPACK version 3.12.0
#>
#> locale:
#> [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
#> [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=C
#> [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
#> [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
#> [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
#> [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
#>
#> time zone: Etc/UTC
#> tzcode source: system (glibc)
#>
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] splines stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods
#> [8] base
#>
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] prodlim_2024.06.25 ggplot2_3.5.1 cowplot_1.1.3 mets_1.3.4
#> [5] timereg_2.0.6 survival_3.7-0 rmarkdown_2.29
#>
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#> [1] sass_0.4.9 utf8_1.2.4 future_1.34.0
#> [4] lattice_0.22-6 listenv_0.9.1 digest_0.6.37
#> [7] magrittr_2.0.3 evaluate_1.0.1 grid_4.4.2
#> [10] mvtnorm_1.3-2 fastmap_1.2.0 jsonlite_1.8.9
#> [13] Matrix_1.7-1 fansi_1.0.6 scales_1.3.0
#> [16] isoband_0.2.7 codetools_0.2-20 numDeriv_2016.8-1.1
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