Package 'liver' reference manual

Title:	"Eating the Liver of Data Science"
Description:	Offers a suite of helper functions to simplify various data science techniques for non-experts. This package aims to enable individuals with only a minimal level of coding knowledge to become acquainted with these techniques in an accessible manner. Inspired by an ancient Persian idiom, we liken this process to "eating the liver of data science," suggesting a deep and intimate engagement with the field of data science. This package includes functions for tasks such as data partitioning for out-of-sample testing, calculating Mean Squared Error (MSE) to assess prediction accuracy, and data transformations (z-score and min-max). In addition to these helper functions, the 'liver' package also features several intriguing datasets valuable for multivariate analysis.
Authors:	Reza Mohammadi [aut, cre] , Kevin Burke [aut]
Maintainer:	Reza Mohammadi <[email protected]>
License:	GPL (>= 2)
Version:	1.17
Built:	2024-10-29 06:53:41 UTC
Source:	CRAN

liver: "Eating the Liver of Data Science"

Description

the liver package offers a suite of helper functions to simplify various data science techniques for non-experts. This package aims to enable individuals with only a minimal level of coding knowledge to become acquainted with these techniques in an accessible manner. Inspired by an ancient Persian idiom, we liken this process to "eating the liver of data science," suggesting a deep and intimate engagement with the field of data science. This package includes functions for tasks such as data partitioning for out-of-sample testing, calculating Mean Squared Error (MSE) to assess prediction accuracy, and data transformations (z-score and min-max). In addition to these helper functions, the 'liver' package also features several intriguing datasets valuable for multivariate analysis.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected]
Amsterdam Business School
University of Amsterdam

Kevin Burke [email protected]
Departement of Statistics
University of Limerick

Maintainer: Reza Mohammadi [email protected]

Average classification accuracy

Description

Computes average classification accuracy.

Usage

accuracy(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL)
accuracy(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL)

Arguments

`pred`	a numerical vector of estimated values.
`actual`	a numerical vector of actual values.
`cutoff`	cutoff value for the case that `pred` is vector of probabilites.
`reference`	a factor of classes to be used as the true results.

Value

the computed average classification accuracy (numeric value).

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

accuracy(pred, actual)
pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

accuracy(pred, actual)

adult data set

Description

the adult dataset was collected from the US Census Bureau and the primary task is to predict whether a given adult makes more than $50K a year based attributes such as education, hours of work per week, etc. the target feature is income, a factor with levels "<=50K" and ">50K", and the remaining 14 variables are predictors.

Usage

 data(adult) data(adult)

Format

the adult dataset, as a data frame, contains $48598$ rows and $15$ columns (variables/features). the $15$ variables are:

age: age in years.
workclass: a factor with 6 levels.
demogweight: the demographics to describe a person.
education: a factor with 16 levels.
education.num: number of years of education.
marital.status: a factor with 5 levels.
occupation: a factor with 15 levels.
relationship: a factor with 6 levels.
race: a factor with 5 levels.
gender: a factor with levels "Female","Male".
capital.gain: capital gains.
capital.loss: capital losses.
hours.per.week: number of hours of work per week.
native.country: a factor with 42 levels.
income: yearly income as a factor with levels "<=50K" and ">50K".

Details

This dataset can be downloaded from the UCI machine learning repository:

http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~delve/data/adult/desc.html

A detailed description of the dataset can be found in the UCI documentation at:

http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~delve/data/adult/adultDetail.html

References

Kohavi, R. (1996). Scaling up the accuracy of naive-bayes classifiers: A decision-tree hybrid. Kdd.

Examples

data(adult)

str(adult)
data(adult)

str(adult)

advertising data set

Description

the dataset is from an anonymous organisation's social media ad campaign. the advertising dataset contains $11$ features and $1143$ records.

Usage

 data(advertising) data(advertising)

Format

the advertising dataset, as a data frame, contains $1143$ rows and $11$ columns (variables/features). the $11$ variables are:

ad.id: an unique ID for each ad.
xyz.campaign.id: an ID associated with each ad campaign of XYZ company.
fb.campaign.id: an ID associated with how Facebook tracks each campaign.
age: age of the person to whom the ad is shown.
gender: gender of the person to whim the add is shown.
interest: a code specifying the category to which the person's interest belongs (interests are as mentioned in the person's Facebook public profile).
impressions: the number of times the ad was shown.
clicks: number of clicks on for that ad.
spend: amount paid by company xyz to Facebook, to show that ad.
conversion: total number of people who enquired about the product after seeing the ad.
approved: total number of people who bought the product after seeing the ad.

Details

A detailed description of the dataset can be found:

https://www.kaggle.com/loveall/clicks-conversion-tracking

Examples

data(advertising)

str(advertising)
data(advertising)

str(advertising)

Bank marketing data set

Description

the data is related to direct marketing campaigns of a Portuguese banking institution. the marketing campaigns were based on phone calls. Often, more than one contact to the same client was required, in order to access if the product (bank term deposit) would be (or not) subscribed. the classification goal is to predict if the client will subscribe a term deposit (variable deposit).

Usage

 data(bank) data(bank)

Format

the bank dataset, as a data frame, contains $4521$ rows (customers) and $17$ columns (variables/features). the $17$ variables are:

Bank client data:

age: numeric.
job: type of job; categorical: "admin.", "unknown", "unemployed", "management", "housemaid", "entrepreneur", "student", "blue-collar, "self-employed", "retired", "technician", "services".
marital: marital status; categorical: "married", "divorced", "single"; note: "divorced" means divorced or widowed.
education: categorical: "secondary", "primary", "tertiary", "unknown".
default: has credit in default?; binary: "yes","no".
balance: average yearly balance, in euros; numeric.
housing: has housing loan? binary: "yes", "no".
loan: has personal loan? binary: "yes", "no".

Related with the last contact of the current campaign:

contact: contact: contact communication type; categorical: "unknown","telephone","cellular".
day: last contact day of the month; numeric.
month: last contact month of year; categorical: "jan", "feb", "mar", ..., "nov", "dec".
duration: last contact duration, in seconds; numeric.

Other attributes:

campaign: number of contacts performed during this campaign and for this client; numeric, includes last contact.
pdays: number of days that passed by after the client was last contacted from a previous campaign; numeric, -1 means client was not previously contacted.
previous: number of contacts performed before this campaign and for this client; numeric.
poutcome: outcome of the previous marketing campaign; categorical: "success", "failure", "unknown", "other".

Target variable:

deposit: Indicator of whether the client subscribed a term deposit; binary: "yes" or "no".

Details

This dataset can be downloaded from the UCI machine learning repository:

http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Bank+Marketing

References

Moro, S., Laureano, R. and Cortez, P. (2011) Using Data Mining for Bank Direct Marketing: An Application of the CRISP-DM Methodology. In P. Novais et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the European Simulation and Modelling Conference.

Examples

data(bank)

str(bank)
data(bank)

str(bank)

Cereal data set

Description

This dataset contains nutrition information for $77$ breakfast cereals and includes $16$ variables. the "rating" column is our target as a rating of the cereals (Possibly from Consumer Reports?).

Usage

 data(cereal) data(cereal)

Format

the cereal dataset, as a data frame, contains $77$ rows (breakfast cereals) and $16$ columns (variables/features). the $16$ variables are:

name: Name of cereal.
manuf: Manufacturer of cereal:
- A: American Home Food Products;
- G: General Mills;
- K: Kelloggs;
- N: Nabisco;
- P: Post;
- Q: Quaker Oats;
- R: Ralston Purina;
type: cold or hot.
calories: calories per serving.
protein: grams of protein.
fat: grams of fat.
sodium: milligrams of sodium.
fiber: grams of dietary fiber.
carbo: grams of complex carbohydrates.
sugars: grams of sugars.
potass: milligrams of potassium.
vitamins: vitamins and minerals - 0, 25, or 100, indicating the typical percentage of FDA recommended.
shelf: display shelf (1, 2, or 3, counting from the floor).
weight: weight in ounces of one serving.
cups: number of cups in one serving.
rating: a rating of the cereals (Possibly from Consumer Reports?).

Details

the original source can be found: https://perso.telecom-paristech.fr/eagan/class/igr204/datasets

Examples

data(cereal)

str(cereal)
data(cereal)

str(cereal)

Churn data set

Description

This dataset comes from IBM Sample Data Sets. Customer churn occurs when customers stop doing business with a company, also known as customer attrition. the data set contains $5000$ rows (customers) and $20$ columns (features). the "Churn" column is our target which indicate whether customer churned (left the company) or not.

Usage

 data(churn) data(churn)

Format

the churn dataset, as a data frame, contains $5000$ rows (customers) and $20$ columns (variables/features). the $20$ variables are:

state: Categorical, for the $51$ states and the District of Columbia.
area.code: Categorical.
account.length: count, how long account has been active.
voice.plan: Categorical, yes or no, voice mail plan.
voice.messages: Count, number of voice mail messages.
intl.plan: Categorical, yes or no, international plan.
intl.mins: Continuous, minutes customer used service to make international calls.
intl.calls: Count, total number of international calls.
intl.charge: Continuous, total international charge.
day.mins: Continuous, minutes customer used service during the day.
day.calls: Count, total number of calls during the day.
day.charge: Continuous, total charge during the day.
eve.mins: Continuous, minutes customer used service during the evening.
eve.calls: Count, total number of calls during the evening.
eve.charge: Continuous, total charge during the evening.
night.mins: Continuous, minutes customer used service during the night.
night.calls: Count, total number of calls during the night.
night.charge: Continuous, total charge during the night.
customer.calls: Count, number of calls to customer service.
churn: Categorical, yes or no. Indicator of whether the customer has left the company (yes or no).

References

Larose, D. T. and Larose, C. D. (2014). Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley & Sons.

Examples

data(churn)

str(churn)
data(churn)

str(churn)

Churn dataset for Credit Card Customers

Description

Customer churn occurs when customers stop doing business with a company, also known as customer attrition. the data set contains $10127$ rows (customers) and $21$ columns (features). the "churn" column is our target which indicate whether customer churned (left the company) or not.

Usage

 data(churnCredit) data(churnCredit)

Format

the churnCredit dataset, as a data frame, contains $10127$ rows (customers) and $21$ columns (variables/features). the $21$ variables are:

customer.ID: Customer ID.
gender: Whether the customer is a male or a female.
age: Customer's Age in Years.
educaton: Educational Qualification of the account holder (example: high school, college graduate, etc.)
marital.status: Married, Single, Divorced, Unknown
income: Annual Income (in Dollar). Category of the account holder (< $40K, $40K - 60K, $60K - $80K, $80K-$120K, > $120K).
dependent.counts: Number of dependent counts.
card.category: Type of Card (Blue, Silver, Gold, Platinum).
months.on.book: Period of relationship with bank.
relationship.count: Total number of products held by the customer.
months.inactive: Number of months inactive in the last 12 months.
contacts.count.12: Number of Contacts in the last 12 months.
credit.limit: Credit Limit on the Credit Card.
revolving.balance: Total Revolving Balance on the Credit Card.
open.to.buy: Open to Buy Credit Line (Average of last 12 months).
transaction.amount.Q4.Q1: Change in Transaction Amount (Q4 over Q1).
transaction.amount.12: Total Transaction Amount (Last 12 months).
transaction.count: Total Transaction Count (Last 12 months).
transaction.change: Change in Transaction Count (Q4 over Q1).
utilization.ratio: Average Card Utilization Ratio.
churn: Whether the customer churned or not (yes or no).

Details

For more information related to the dataset see:

https://www.kaggle.com/sakshigoyal7/credit-card-customers

Examples

data(churnCredit)

str(churnCredit)
data(churnCredit)

str(churnCredit)

churnTel dataset

Description

Customer churn occurs when customers stop doing business with a company, also known as customer attrition. the data set contains $7043$ rows (customers) and $21$ columns (features). the "Churn" column is our target which indicate whether customer churned (left the company) or not.

Usage

 data(churnTel) data(churnTel)

Format

the churnTel dataset, as a data frame, contains $7043$ rows (customers) and $21$ columns (variables/features). the $21$ variables are:

customer.ID: Customer ID.
gender: Whether the customer is a male or a female.
senior.citizen: Whether the customer is a senior citizen or not (1, 0).
partner: Whether the customer has a partner or not (yes, no).
dependent: Whether the customer has dependents or not (yes, no).
tenure: Number of months the customer has stayed with the company.
phone.service: Whether the customer has a phone service or not (yes, no).
multiple.lines: Whether the customer has multiple lines or not (yes, no, no phone service).
internet.service: Customer's internet service provider (DSL, fiber optic, no).
online.security: Whether the customer has online security or not (yes, no, no internet service).
online.backup: Whether the customer has online backup or not (yes, no, no internet service).
device.protection: Whether the customer has device protection or not (yes, no, no internet service).
tech.support: Whether the customer has tech support or not (yes, no, no internet service).
streaming.TV: Whether the customer has streaming TV or not (yes, no, no internet service).
streaming.movie: Whether the customer has streaming movies or not (yes, no, no internet service).
contract: the contract term of the customer (month to month, 1 year, 2 year).
paperless.bill: Whether the customer has paperless billing or not (yes, no).
payment.method: the customer's payment method (electronic check, mail check, bank transfer, credit card).
monthly.charge: the amount charged to the customer monthly.
total.charges: the total amount charged to the customer.
churn: Whether the customer churned or not (yes or no).

Details

For more information related to the dataset see:

https://www.kaggle.com/blastchar/telco-customer-churn

Examples

data(churnTel)

str(churnTel)
data(churnTel)

str(churnTel)

Confusion Matrix

Description

Create a Confusion Matrix.

Usage

conf.mat(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL, 
         proportion = FALSE, dnn = c("Predict", "Actual"), ...)
conf.mat(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL, 
         proportion = FALSE, dnn = c("Predict", "Actual"), ...)

Arguments

`pred`	a vector of estimated values.
`actual`	a vector of actual values.
`cutoff`	cutoff value for the case that `pred` is vector of probabilites.
`reference`	a factor of classes to be used as the true results.
`proportion`	Logical: FALSE (default) for a confusion matrix with number of cases. TRUE, for a confusion matrix with the proportion of cases.
`dnn`	the names to be given to the dimensions in the result (the dimnames names).
`...`	options to be passed to `table`.

Value

the results of table on pred and actual.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

conf.mat(pred, actual)
conf.mat(pred, actual, proportion = TRUE)
pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

conf.mat(pred, actual)
conf.mat(pred, actual, proportion = TRUE)

Plot Confusion Matrix

Description

Plot a Confusion Matrix.

Usage

conf.mat.plot(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL, conf.level = 0, 
              margin = 1, color = c("#ff83a8", "#83ff9b"), ...)
conf.mat.plot(pred, actual, cutoff = NULL, reference = NULL, conf.level = 0, 
              margin = 1, color = c("#ff83a8", "#83ff9b"), ...)

Arguments

`pred`	a vector of estimated values.
`actual`	a vector of actual values.
`cutoff`	cutoff value for the case that `pred` is vector of probabilites.
`reference`	a factor of classes to be used as the true results.
`conf.level`	confidence level used for the confidence rings on the odds ratios. Must be a single nonnegative number less than 1; if set to 0 (the default), confidence rings are suppressed.
`margin`	a numeric vector with the margins to equate. Must be one of 1 (the default), 2, or c(1, 2), which corresponds to standardizing the row, column, or both margins in each 2 by 2 table. Only used if std equals "margins".
`color`	a vector of length 2 specifying the colors to use for the smaller and larger diagonals of each 2 by 2 table.
`...`	options to be passed to `fourfoldplot`.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

conf.mat.plot(pred, actual)
pred   = c("no", "yes", "yes", "no", "no", "yes", "no", "no")
actual = c("yes", "no", "yes", "no", "no", "no", "yes", "yes")

conf.mat.plot(pred, actual)

Corona data set

Description

COVID-19 Coronavirus data - daily (up to 14 December 2020).

Usage

 data(corona) data(corona)

Format

the corona dataset, as a data frame, contains $61900$ rows and $12$ columns (variables/features).

Details

This dataset can be downloaded from the UCI machine learning repository:

https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/covid-19-coronavirus-data

Examples

data(corona)

str(corona)
data(corona)

str(corona)

Fertilizer data set

Description

the fertilizer dataset contains $4$ features and $96$ records. Results from an experiment to compare yields of a crop obtained under three different fertilizers. the target feature is yield.

Usage

 data(fertilizer) data(fertilizer)

Examples

data(fertilizer)

str(fertilizer)
data(fertilizer)

str(fertilizer)

find.na

Description

Finding missing values.

Usage

find.na(x)
find.na(x)

Arguments

`x`	a numerical `vector`, `matrix` or `data.frame`.

Value

A numeric matrix with two columns.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

x = c(2.3, NA, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

find.na(x)
x = c(2.3, NA, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

find.na(x)

house data set

Description

the house dataset contains $6$ features and $414$ records. the target feature is unit.price and the remaining 5 variables are predictors.

Usage

 data(house) data(house)

Format

the house dataset, as a data frame, contains $414$ rows and $6$ columns (variables/features). the $6$ variables are:

house.age: house age (numeric, in year).
distance.to.MRT: distance to the nearest MRT station (numeric).
stores.number: number of convenience stores (numeric).
latitude: latitude (numeric).
longitude: longitude (numeric).
unit.price: house price of unit area (numeric).

Details

A detailed description of the dataset can be found:

https://www.kaggle.com/quantbruce/real-estate-price-prediction

Examples

data(house)

str(house)
data(house)

str(house)

housePrice dataset

Description

This data set contains $1460$ rows and $81$ columns (features). the "SalePrice" column is the target.

Usage

 data(housePrice) data(housePrice)

Format

the housePrice dataset, as a data frame, contains $1460$ rows and $81$ columns (variables/features).

Details

For more information related to the dataset see:

https://www.kaggle.com/c/house-prices-advanced-regression-techniques/data

Examples

data(housePrice)

str(housePrice)
data(housePrice)

str(housePrice)

insurance data set

Description

the insurance dataset contains $7$ features and $1338$ records. the target feature is charge and the remaining 6 variables are predictors.

Usage

 data(insurance) data(insurance)

Format

the insurance dataset, as a data frame, contains $1338$ rows (customers) and $7$ columns (variables/features). the $7$ variables are:

age: age of primary beneficiary.
bmi: body mass index, providing an understanding of body, weights that are relatively high or low relative to height, objective index of body weight (kg / m ^ 2) using the ratio of height to weight, ideally 18.5 to 24.9.
children: Number of children covered by health insurance / Number of dependents.
smoker: Smoking as a factor with 2 levels, yes, no.
gender: insurance contractor gender, female, male.
region: the beneficiary's residential area in the US, northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest.
charge: individual medical costs billed by health insurance.

Details

A detailed description of the dataset can be found:

https://www.kaggle.com/mirichoi0218/insurance

References

Brett Lantz (2019). Machine Learning with R: Expert techniques for predictive modeling. Packt Publishing Ltd.

Examples

data(insurance)

str(insurance)
data(insurance)

str(insurance)

k-Nearest Neighbour Classification

Description

kNN is used to perform k-nearest neighbour classification for test set using training set. For each row of the test set, the k nearest (based on Euclidean distance) training set vectors are found. then, the classification is done by majority vote (ties broken at random). This function provides a formula interface to the class::knn() function of R package class. In addition, it allows normalization of the given data using the transform function.

Usage

kNN(formula, train, test, k = 1, transform = FALSE, type = "class", l = 0, 
    use.all = TRUE, na.rm = FALSE)
kNN(formula, train, test, k = 1, transform = FALSE, type = "class", l = 0, 
    use.all = TRUE, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`formula`	a formula, with a response but no interaction terms. For the case of data frame, it is taken as the model frame (see `model.frame)`.
`train`	data frame or matrix of train set cases.
`test`	data frame or matrix of test set cases.
`k`	number of neighbours considered.
`transform`	a character with options `FALSE` (default), `"minmax"`, and `"zscore"`. Option `"minmax"` means no transformation. This option allows the users to use normalized version of the train and test sets for the kNN aglorithm.
`type`	either `"class"` (default) for the predicted class or `"prob"` for model confidence values.
`l`	minimum vote for definite decision, otherwise `doubt`. (More precisely, less than `k-l` dissenting votes are allowed, even if `k` is increased by ties.)
`use.all`	controls handling of ties. If true, all distances equal to the `k`th largest are included. If false, a random selection of distances equal to the `k`th is chosen to use exactly `k` neighbours.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `x` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

When type = "class" (default), a factor vector is returned, in which the doubt will be returned as NA. When type = "prob", a matrix of confidence values is returned (one column per class).

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

References

Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge.

Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer.

Examples

data(risk)

train = risk[1:100, ]
test  = risk[  101, ]

kNN(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test)
data(risk)

train = risk[1:100, ]
test  = risk[  101, ]

kNN(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test)

Visualizing the Optimal Number of k

Description

Visualizing the Optimal Number of k for k-Nearest Neighbour ClassificationkNN based on accuracy or Mean Square Error (MSE).

Usage

kNN.plot(formula, train, test, k.max = 10, transform = FALSE, base = "error", 
         report = FALSE, set.seed = NULL, ...)
kNN.plot(formula, train, test, k.max = 10, transform = FALSE, base = "error", 
         report = FALSE, set.seed = NULL, ...)

Arguments

`formula`	a formula, with a response but no interaction terms. For the case of data frame, it is taken as the model frame (see `model.frame)`.
`train`	data frame or matrix of train set cases.
`test`	data frame or matrix of test set cases.
`k.max`	the maximum number of number of neighbours to consider, must be at least two.
`transform`	a character with options `FALSE` (default), `"minmax"`, and `"zscore"`. Option `"minmax"` means no transformation. This option allows the users to use normalized version of the train and test sets for the kNN aglorithm.
`base`	base measurement: `error` (default), `accuracy`, or `MSE` for Mean Square Error.
`report`	a character with options `FALSE` (default) and `TRUE`. Option `TRUE` reports the values of the `base` measurement.
`set.seed`	a single value, interpreted as an integer, or NULL.
`...`	options to be passed to `kNN()`.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

References

Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge.

Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth edition. Springer.

Examples

data(risk)

train = risk[  1:150, ]
test  = risk[151:246, ]

kNN.plot(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test)
kNN.plot(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test, base = "accuracy")
data(risk)

train = risk[  1:150, ]
test  = risk[151:246, ]

kNN.plot(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test)
kNN.plot(risk ~ income + age, train = train, test = test, base = "accuracy")

Mean Absolute Error (MAE)

Description

Computes mean absolute error.

Usage

mae(pred, actual, weight = 1, na.rm = FALSE)
mae(pred, actual, weight = 1, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`pred`	a numerical vector of estimated values.
`actual`	a numerical vector of actual values.
`weight`	a numerical vector of weights the same length as `pred`.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `pred` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

the computed mean squared error (numeric value).

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

pred   = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)
actual = c(2.1, -0.9, 0, 2.99)
  
mae(pred, actual)
pred   = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)
actual = c(2.1, -0.9, 0, 2.99)
  
mae(pred, actual)

marketing data set

Description

the marketing dataset contains $8$ features and $40$ records as 40 days that report how much we spent, how many clicks, impressions and transactions we got, whether or not a display campaign was running, as well as our revenue, click-through-rate and conversion rate. the target feature is revenue and the remaining 7 variables are predictors.

Usage

 data(marketing) data(marketing)

Format

the marketing dataset, as a data frame, contains $40$ rows and $8$ columns (variables/features). the $8$ variables are:

spend: daily send of money on PPC (apy-per-click).
clicks: number of clicks on for that ad.
impressions: amount of impressions per day.
display: whether or not a display campaign was running.
transactions: number of transactions per day.
click.rate: click-through-rate.
conversion.rate: conversion rate.
revenue: daily revenue.

Details

A detailed description of the dataset can be found:

https://github.com/chrisBow/marketing-regression-part-one

Examples

data(marketing)

str(marketing)
data(marketing)

str(marketing)

Min-Max normalization

Description

Performs Min-Max normalization of numerical variables.

Usage

minmax(x, columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
minmax(x, columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`x`	a numerical `vector`, `matrix` or `data.frame`.
`columns`	which columns are going to tranfer for the cases that `x` is a `matrix` or a `data.frame`. Defaults to all columns.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `x` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

transformed version of x.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

minmax(x)
x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

minmax(x)

Mean Squared Error (MSE)

Description

Computes mean squared error.

Usage

mse(pred, actual, weight = 1, na.rm = FALSE)
mse(pred, actual, weight = 1, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`pred`	a numerical vector of estimated values.
`actual`	a numerical vector of actual values.
`weight`	a numerical vector of weights the same length as `pred`.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `pred` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

the computed mean squared error (numeric value).

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

pred   = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)
actual = c(2.1, -0.9, 0, 2.99)
  
mse(pred, actual)
   
pred   = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)
actual = c(2.1, -0.9, 0, 2.99)
  
mse(pred, actual)

Partition the data

Description

Randomly partitions the data (primarly intended to split into "training" and "test" sets) according to the supplied probabilities.

Usage

partition(data, prob = c(0.7, 0.3), set.seed = NULL)
partition(data, prob = c(0.7, 0.3), set.seed = NULL)

Arguments

`data`	an ( $n \times p$ ) `matrix` or a `data.frame`.
`prob`	a numerical vector in [0, 1].
`set.seed`	a single value, interpreted as an integer, or NULL.

Value

a list which includes the data partitions.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

data(iris)

partition(data = iris, prob = c(0.7, 0.3))
data(iris)

partition(data = iris, prob = c(0.7, 0.3))

Red wines data set

Description

the redWines datasets are related to red variants of the Portuguese "Vinho Verde" wine. Due to privacy and logistic issues, only physicochemical (inputs) and sensory (the output) variables are available (e.g. there is no data about grape types, wine brand, wine selling price, etc.).

the dataset can be viewed as classification or regression tasks. the classes are ordered and not balanced (e.g. there are many more normal wines than excellent or poor ones). Outlier detection algorithms could be used to detect the few excellent or poor wines. Also, we are not sure if all input variables are relevant. So it could be interesting to test feature selection methods.

Usage

 data(redWines) data(redWines)

Format

the redWines dataset, as a data frame, contains $1599$ rows and $12$ columns (variables/features). the $12$ variables are:

Input variables (based on physicochemical tests):

fixed acidity
volatile acidity
citric acid
residual sugar
chlorides
free sulfur dioxide
total sulfur dioxide
density
pH
sulphates
alcohol

Output variable (based on sensory data)
quality: score between 0 and 10.

Details

This dataset can be downloaded from the UCI machine learning repository:

https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/186/wine+quality

References

Cortez, P., Cerdeira, A., Almeida, F., Matos, T., and Reis, J. (2009). Modeling wine preferences by data mining from physicochemical properties. Decision support systems, 47(4), 547-553.

Examples

data(redWines)

str(redWines)
data(redWines)

str(redWines)

Risk data set

Description

the risk dataset containing 6 features and 246 records. the target feature is risk, a factor with levels "good risk" and "bad risk" along with 5 predictors.

Usage

 data(risk) data(risk)

Format

the risk dataset, as a data frame, contains $246$ rows (customers) and $6$ columns (variables/features). the $6$ variables are:

age: age in years.
marital: A factor with levels "single", "married", and "other".
income: yearly income.
mortgage: A factor with levels "yes" and "no".
nr_loans: Number of loans that constomers have.
risk: A factor with levels "good risk" and "bad risk".

Examples

data(risk)

str(risk)
data(risk)

str(risk)

Skewness

Description

Computes the skewness for each field.

Usage

skewness(x, na.rm = FALSE)
skewness(x, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`x`	a numerical `vector`, `matrix` or `data.frame`.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `x` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

A numeric vector of skewness values.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

skewness(x)
x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

skewness(x)

Skim a data frame to get useful summary statistics

Description

skim() provides an overview of a data frame asan alternative to summary(). This function is a wrapper for the skimr::skim() function of R package skimr.

Usage

  skim(data, hist = TRUE, ...)
skim(data, hist = TRUE, ...)

Arguments

`data`	a data frame or matrix.
`hist`	Logical: TRUE (default) to report the histogram of each variable.
`...`	columns to select for skimming. the default is to skim all columns.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

data(risk)

skim(risk)
data(risk)

skim(risk)

Z-score normalization

Description

Performs variable transformation such as Z-score and min-max normalization.

Usage

transform(x, method = c("minmax", "zscore"), columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
transform(x, method = c("minmax", "zscore"), columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`x`	a numerical `vector`, a `matrix` or a `data.frame`.
`method`	a method to transfer `x`.
`columns`	which columns are going to tranfer for the cases that `x` is a `matrix` or a `data.frame`. Defaults to all columns.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `x` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

transformed version of x.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

transform(x, method = "minmax")

transform(x, method = "zscore")

x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

transform(x, method = "minmax")

transform(x, method = "zscore")

White wines data set

Description

the whiteWines datasets are related to white variants of the Portuguese "Vinho Verde" wine. Due to privacy and logistic issues, only physicochemical (inputs) and sensory (the output) variables are available (e.g. there is no data about grape types, wine brand, wine selling price, etc.).

Usage

 data(whiteWines) data(whiteWines)

Format

the whiteWines dataset, as a data frame, contains $4898$ rows and $12$ columns (variables/features). the $12$ variables are:

Input variables (based on physicochemical tests):

fixed acidity
volatile acidity
citric acid
residual sugar
chlorides
free sulfur dioxide
total sulfur dioxide
density
pH
sulphates
alcohol

Output variable (based on sensory data)
quality: score between 0 and 10.

Details

This dataset can be downloaded from the UCI machine learning repository:

https://archive.ics.uci.edu/dataset/186/wine+quality

References

Cortez, P., Cerdeira, A., Almeida, F., Matos, T., and Reis, J. (2009). Modeling wine preferences by data mining from physicochemical properties. Decision support systems, 47(4), 547-553.

Examples

data(whiteWines)

str(whiteWines)
data(whiteWines)

str(whiteWines)

Z-score normalization

Description

Performs Z-score normalization to transform numerical variables.

Usage

zscore(x, columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)
zscore(x, columns = NULL, na.rm = FALSE)

Arguments

`x`	a numerical `vector`, `matrix` or `data.frame`.
`columns`	which columns are going to tranfer for the cases that `x` is a `matrix` or a `data.frame`. Defaults to all columns.
`na.rm`	a logical value indicating whether NA values in `x` should be stripped before the computation proceeds.

Value

transformed version of x.

Author(s)

Reza Mohammadi [email protected] and Kevin Burke [email protected]

Examples

x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

zscore(x)
x = c(2.3, -1.4, 0, 3.45)

zscore(x)

Package 'liver'

Help Index

liver: "Eating the Liver of Data Science"

Description

Author(s)

Average classification accuracy

Description

Usage

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Value

Author(s)

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Plot Confusion Matrix

Description

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