Package 'flexclust'

Achievement Test Scores for New Haven Schools

Description

Measurements at the beginning of the 4th grade (when the national average is 4.0) and of the 6th grade in 25 schools in New Haven.

Usage

data(achieve)

Format

A data frame with 25 observations on the following 4 variables.

read4

4th grade reading.

arith4

4th grade arithmetic.

read6

6th grade reading.

arith6

6th grade arithmetic.

References

John A. Hartigan: Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York, 1975.

---

Automobile Customer Survey Data

Description

A German manufacturer of premium cars asked customers approximately 3 months after a car purchase which characteristics of the car were most important for the decision to buy the car. The survey was done in 1983 and the data set contains all responses without missing values.

Usage

data(auto)

Format

A data frame with 793 observations on the following 46 variables.

model

A factor with levels A, B, C, or D; model bought by the customer.

gear

A factor with levels 4 gears, 5 econo, 5 sport, or automatic.

leasing

A logical vector, was leasing used to finance the car?

usage

A factor with levels private, both, business.

previous_model

A factor describing which type of car was owned directly before the purchase.

other_consider

A factor with levels same manuf, other manuf, both, or none.

test_drive

A logical vector, did you do a test drive?

info_adv

A logical vector, was advertising an important source of information?

info_exp

A logical vector, was experience an important source of information?

info_rec

A logical vector, were recommendations an important source of information?

ch_clarity

A logical vector.

ch_economy

A logical vector.

ch_driving_properties

A logical vector.

ch_service

A logical vector.

ch_interior

A logical vector.

ch_quality

A logical vector.

ch_technology

A logical vector.

ch_model_continuity

A logical vector.

ch_comfort

A logical vector.

ch_reliability

A logical vector.

ch_handling

A logical vector.

ch_reputation

A logical vector.

ch_concept

A logical vector.

ch_character

A logical vector.

ch_power

A logical vector.

ch_resale_value

A logical vector.

ch_styling

A logical vector.

ch_safety

A logical vector.

ch_sporty

A logical vector.

ch_consumption

A logical vector.

ch_space

A logical vector.

satisfaction

A numeric vector describing overall satisfaction (1=very good, 10=very bad).

good1

Conception, styling, dimensions.

good2

Auto body.

good3

Driving and coupled axles.

good4

Engine.

good5

Electronics.

good6

Financing and customer service.

good7

Other.

sporty

What do you think about the balance of sportiness and comfort? (good, more sport, more comfort).

drive_char

Driving characteristis (gentle < speedy < powerfull < extreme).

tempo

Which average speed do you prefer on German Autobahn in km/h? (< 130 < 130-150 < 150-180 < > 180)

consumption

An ordered factor with levels low < ok < high < too high.

gender

A factor with levels male and female

occupation

A factor with levels self-employed, freelance, and employee.

household

Size of household, an ordered factor with levels 1-2 < >=3.

Source

The original German data are in the public domain and available from LMU Munich (doi:10.5282/ubm/data.14). The variable names and help page were translated to English and converted into Rd format by Friedrich Leisch.

References

Open Data LMU (1983): Umfrage unter Kunden einer Automobilfirma, doi:10.5282/ubm/data.14

Examples

data(auto)
summary(auto)

---

Barplot/chart Methods in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Barplot of cluster centers or other cluster statistics.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
barplot(height, bycluster = TRUE, oneplot = TRUE,
    data = NULL, FUN = colMeans, main = deparse(substitute(height)), 
    which = 1:height@k, names.arg = NULL,
    oma = par("oma"), col = NULL, mcol = "darkred", srt = 45, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
barchart(x, data, xlab="", strip.labels=NULL,
    strip.prefix="Cluster ", col=NULL, mcol="darkred", mlcol=mcol,
    which=NULL, legend=FALSE, shade=FALSE, diff=NULL, byvar=FALSE,
    clusters=1:x@k, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'hclust'
barchart(x, data, xlab="", strip.labels=NULL,
    strip.prefix="Cluster ", col=NULL, mcol="darkred", mlcol=mcol,
    which=NULL, shade=FALSE, diff=NULL, byvar=FALSE, k=2, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bclust'
barchart(x, data, xlab="", strip.labels=NULL,
       strip.prefix="Cluster ", col=NULL, mcol="darkred", mlcol=mcol, 
       which=NULL, legend=FALSE, shade=FALSE, diff=NULL, byvar=FALSE,
       k=x@k, clusters=1:k, ...)

Arguments

height, x	An object of class "kcca".
bycluster	If TRUE, then each barplot shows one cluster. If FALSE, then each barplot compares all cluster for one input variable.
oneplot	If TRUE, all barplots are plotted together on one page, else each plot is on a separate page.
data	If not NULL, cluster membership is predicted for the new data and used for the plots. By default the values from the training data are used. Ignored by the barchart method.
FUN	The function to be applied to each cluster for calculating the bar heights. Only used, if data is not NULL.
which	For barplot index number of clusters for the plot, for barchart index numbers or names of variables to plot.
names.arg	A vector of names to be plotted below each bar.
main, oma, xlab, ...	Graphical parameters.
col	Vector of colors for the clusters.
mcol, mlcol	If not NULL, the value of FUN for the complete data set is plotted over each bar as a point with color mcol and a line segment starting in zero with color mlcol.
srt	Number between 0 and 90, rotation of the x-axis labels.
strip.labels	Vector of strings for the strips of the Trellis display.
strip.prefix	Prefix string for the strips of the Trellis display.
legend	If TRUE, the barchart is always plotted on the current graphics device and a legend is added to the bottom of the plot.
shade	If TRUE, only bars with large absolute or relative deviation deviation from the sample mean of the respective variables are plotted in color.
diff	A numerical vector of length two with absolute and relative deviations for shading, default is $max/4$ absolute deviation and 50% relative deviation.
byvar	If TRUE, a panel is plotted for each variable. By default a panel is plotted for each cluster.
clusters	Integer vector of clusters to plot.
k	Integer specifying the desired number of clusters.

Note

The flexclust barchart method uses a horizontal arrangements of the bars, and sorts them from top to bottom. Default barcharts in lattice are the other way round (bottom to top). See the examples below how this affects, e.g., manual labels for the y axis.

The barplot method is legacy code and only maintained to keep up with changes in R, all active development is done on barchart.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Sara Dolnicar and Friedrich Leisch. Using graphical statistics to better understand market segmentation solutions. International Journal of Market Research, 56(2), 97-120, 2014.

Examples

cl <- cclust(iris[,-5], k=3)
  barplot(cl)
  barplot(cl, bycluster=FALSE)

  ## plot the maximum instead of mean value per cluster:
  barplot(cl, bycluster=FALSE, data=iris[,-5],
          FUN=function(x) apply(x,2,max))

  ## use lattice for plotting:
  barchart(cl)
  ## automatic abbreviation of labels
  barchart(cl, scales=list(abbreviate=TRUE))
  ## origin of bars at zero
  barchart(cl, scales=list(abbreviate=TRUE), origin=0)

  ## Use manual labels. Note that the flexclust barchart orders bars
  ## from top to bottom (the default does it the other way round), hence
  ## we have to rev() the labels:
  LAB <- c("SL", "SW", "PL", "PW")
  barchart(cl, scales=list(y=list(labels=rev(LAB))), origin=0)

  ## deviation of each cluster center from the population means
  barchart(cl, origin=rev(cl@xcent), mlcol=NULL)

  ## use shading to highlight large deviations from population mean
  barchart(cl, shade=TRUE)

  ## use smaller deviation limit than default and add a legend
  barchart(cl, shade=TRUE, diff=0.2, legend=TRUE)

---

Bagged Clustering

Description

Cluster the data in x using the bagged clustering algorithm. A partitioning cluster algorithm such as cclust is run repeatedly on bootstrap samples from the original data. The resulting cluster centers are then combined using the hierarchical cluster algorithm hclust.

Usage

bclust(x, k = 2, base.iter = 10, base.k = 20, minsize = 0,
       dist.method = "euclidian", hclust.method = "average",
       FUN = "cclust", verbose = TRUE, final.cclust = FALSE,
       resample = TRUE, weights = NULL, maxcluster = base.k, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bclust,missing'
plot(x, y, maxcluster = x@maxcluster, main = "", ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bclust,missing'
clusters(object, newdata, k, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bclust'
parameters(object, k)

Arguments

x	Matrix of inputs (or object of class "bclust" for plot).
k	Number of clusters.
base.iter	Number of runs of the base cluster algorithm.
base.k	Number of centers used in each repetition of the base method.
minsize	Minimum number of points in a base cluster.
dist.method	Distance method used for the hierarchical clustering, see dist for available distances.
hclust.method	Linkage method used for the hierarchical clustering, see hclust for available methods.
FUN	Partitioning cluster method used as base algorithm.
verbose	Output status messages.
final.cclust	If TRUE, a final cclust step is performed using the output of the bagged clustering as initialization.
resample	Logical, if TRUE the base method is run on bootstrap samples of x, else directly on x.
weights	Vector of length nrow(x), weights for the resampling. By default all observations have equal weight.
maxcluster	Maximum number of clusters memberships are to be computed for.
object	Object of class "bclust".
main	Main title of the plot.
...	Optional arguments top be passed to the base method in bclust, ignored in plot.
y	Missing.
newdata	An optional data matrix with the same number of columns as the cluster centers. If omitted, the fitted values are used.

Details

First, base.iter bootstrap samples of the original data in x are created by drawing with replacement. The base cluster method is run on each of these samples with base.k centers. The base.method must be the name of a partitioning cluster function returning an object with the same slots as the return value of cclust.

This results in a collection of iter.base * base.centers centers, which are subsequently clustered using the hierarchical method hclust. Base centers with less than minsize points in there respective partitions are removed before the hierarchical clustering. The resulting dendrogram is then cut to produce k clusters.

Value

bclust returns objects of class "bclust" including the slots

hclust	Return value of the hierarchical clustering of the collection of base centers (Object of class "hclust").
cluster	Vector with indices of the clusters the inputs are assigned to.
centers	Matrix of centers of the final clusters. Only useful, if the hierarchical clustering method produces convex clusters.
allcenters	Matrix of all iter.base * base.centers centers found in the base runs.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. Bagged clustering. Working Paper 51, SFB “Adaptive Information Systems and Modeling in Economics and Management Science”, August 1999. doi:10.57938/9b129f95-b53b-44ce-a129-5b7a1168d832

Sara Dolnicar and Friedrich Leisch. Winter tourist segments in Austria: Identifying stable vacation styles using bagged clustering techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 41(3):281-292, 2003.

See Also

hclust, cclust

Examples

data(iris)
bc1 <- bclust(iris[,1:4], 3, base.k=5)
plot(bc1)

table(clusters(bc1, k=3))
parameters(bc1, k=3)

---

Birth and Death Rates

Description

Birth and death rates for 70 countries.

Usage

data(birth)

Format

A data frame with 70 observations on the following 2 variables.

birth

Birth rate (in percent).

death

Death rate (in percent).

References

John A. Hartigan: Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York, 1975.

---

Bootstrap Flexclust Algorithms

Description

Runs clustering algorithms repeatedly for different numbers of clusters on bootstrap replica of the original data and returns corresponding cluster assignments, centroids and (adjusted) Rand indices comparing pairs of partitions.

Usage

bootFlexclust(x, k, nboot=100, correct=TRUE, seed=NULL,
              multicore=TRUE, verbose=FALSE, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'bootFlexclust'
summary(object)
## S4 method for signature 'bootFlexclust,missing'
plot(x, y, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bootFlexclust'
boxplot(x, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bootFlexclust'
densityplot(x, data, ...)

Arguments

x, k, ...	Passed to stepFlexclust.
nboot	Number of bootstrap pairs of partitions.
correct	Logical, correct the Rand index for agreement by chance also called adjusted Rand index)?
seed	If not NULL, a call to set.seed() is made before any clustering is done.
multicore	If TRUE, use package parallel for parallel processing. In addition, it may be a workstation cluster object as returned by makeCluster, see examples below.
verbose	If TRUE, show progress information during computations. Will not work with multicore=TRUE.
y, data	Not used.
object	An object of class "bootFlexclust".

Details

Availability of multicore is checked when flexclust is loaded. This information is stored and can be obtained using getOption("flexclust")$have_multicore. Set to FALSE for debugging and more sensible error messages in case something goes wrong.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

stepFlexclust

Examples

## Not run: 

## data uniform on unit square
x <- matrix(runif(400), ncol=2)

cl <- FALSE

## to run bootstrap replications on a workstation cluster do the following:
library("parallel")
cl <- makeCluster(2, type = "PSOCK")
clusterCall(cl, function() require("flexclust"))


## 50 bootstrap replicates for speed in example,
## use more for real applications
bcl <- bootFlexclust(x, k=2:7, nboot=50, FUN=cclust, multicore=cl)

bcl
summary(bcl)

## splitting the square into four quadrants should be the most stable
## solution (increase nboot if not)
plot(bcl)
densityplot(bcl, from=0)

## End(Not run)

---

German Parliament Election Data

Description

Results of the elections 2002, 2005 or 2009 for the German Bundestag, the first chamber of the German parliament.

Usage

data(btw2002)
data(btw2005)
data(btw2009)
bundestag(year, second=TRUE, percent=TRUE, nazero=TRUE, state=FALSE)

Arguments

year	Numeric or character, year of the election.
second	Logical, return second or first votes?
percent	Logical, return percentages or absolute numbers?
nazero	Logical, convert NAs to 0?
state	Logical or character. If TRUE then only column state from the corresponding data frame is returned, and all other arguments are ignored. If character, then it is used as pattern to grep for the corresponding state(s), see examples.

Format

btw200x are data frames with 299 rows (corresponding to constituencies) and 17 columns. All columns except state are numeric.

state

Factor, the 16 German federal states.

eligible

Number of citizens eligible to vote.

votes

Number of eligible citizens who did vote.

invalid1, invalid2

Number of invalid first and second votes (see details below).

valid1, valid2

Number of valid first and second votes.

SPD1, SPD2

Number of first and second votes for the Social Democrats.

UNION1, UNION2

Number of first and second votes for CDU/CSU, the conservative Christian Democrats.

GRUENE1, GRUENE2

Number of first and second votes for the Green Party.

FDP1, FDP2

Number of first and second votes for the Liberal Party.

LINKE1, LINKE2

Number of first and second votes for the Left Party (PDS in 2002).

Missing values indicate that a party did not candidate in the corresponding constituency.

Details

btw200x are the original data sets. bundestag() is a helper function which extracts first or second votes, calculates percentages (number of votes for a party divided by number of valid votes), replaces missing values by zero, and converts the result from a data frame to a matrix. By default it returns the percentage of second votes for each party, which determines the number of seats each party gets in parliament.

German Federal Elections

Half of the Members of the German Bundestag are elected directly from Germany's 299 constituencies, the other half on the parties' state lists. Accordingly, each voter has two votes in the elections to the German Bundestag. The first vote, allowing voters to elect their local representatives to the Bundestag, decides which candidates are sent to Parliament from the constituencies.

The second vote is cast for a party list. And it is this second vote that determines the relative strengths of the parties represented in the Bundestag. At least 598 Members of the German Bundestag are elected in this way. In addition to this, there are certain circumstances in which some candidates win what are known as “overhang mandates” when the seats are being distributed.

References

Homepage of the Bundestag: https://www.bundestag.de

Examples

p02 <- bundestag(2002)
pairs(p02)
p05 <- bundestag(2005)
pairs(p05)
p09 <- bundestag(2009)
pairs(p09)

state <- bundestag(2002, state=TRUE)
table(state)

start.with.b <- bundestag(2002, state="^B")
table(start.with.b)

pairs(p09, col=2-(state=="Bayern"))

---

Box-Whisker Plot Methods in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Seperate boxplot of variables in each cluster in comparison with boxplot for complete sample.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
bwplot(x, data, xlab="",
       strip.labels=NULL, strip.prefix="Cluster ",
       col=NULL, shade=!is.null(shadefun), shadefun=NULL, byvar=FALSE, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'bclust'
bwplot(x, k=x@k, xlab="", strip.labels=NULL, 
       strip.prefix="Cluster ", clusters=1:k, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class "kcca" or "bclust".
data	If not NULL, cluster membership is predicted for the new data and used for the plots. By default the values from the training data are used.
xlab, ...	Graphical parameters.
col	Vector of colors for the clusters.
strip.labels	Vector of strings for the strips of the Trellis display.
strip.prefix	Prefix string for the strips of the Trellis display.
shade	If TRUE, only boxes with larger deviation from the median or quartiles of the total population of the respective variables are filled with color.
shadefun	A function or name of a function to compute which boxes are shaded, e.g. "medianInside" (default) or "boxOverlap".
byvar	If TRUE, a panel is plotted for each variable. By default a panel is plotted for each group.
k	Number of clusters.
clusters	Integer vector of clusters to plot.

Examples

set.seed(1)
  cl <- cclust(iris[,-5], k=3, save.data=TRUE)
  bwplot(cl)
  bwplot(cl, byvar=TRUE)

  ## fill only boxes with color which do not contain the overall median
  ## (grey dot of background box)
  bwplot(cl, shade=TRUE)

  ## fill only boxes with color which do not overlap with the box of the
  ## complete sample (grey background box)
  bwplot(cl, shadefun="boxOverlap")

---

Convex Clustering

Description

Perform k-means clustering, hard competitive learning or neural gas on a data matrix.

Usage

cclust(x, k, dist = "euclidean", method = "kmeans",
       weights=NULL, control=NULL, group=NULL, simple=FALSE,
       save.data=FALSE)

Arguments

x	A numeric matrix of data, or an object that can be coerced to such a matrix (such as a numeric vector or a data frame with all numeric columns).
k	Either the number of clusters, or a vector of cluster assignments, or a matrix of initial (distinct) cluster centroids. If a number, a random set of (distinct) rows in x is chosen as the initial centroids.
dist	Distance measure, one of "euclidean" (mean square distance) or "manhattan " (absolute distance).
method	Clustering algorithm: one of "kmeans", "hardcl" or "neuralgas", see details below.
weights	An optional vector of weights for the observations (rows of the x) to be used in the fitting process. Works only in combination with hard competitive learning.
control	An object of class "cclustControl".
group	Currently ignored.
simple	Return an object of class "kccasimple"?
save.data	Save a copy of x in the return object?

Details

This function uses the same computational engine as the earlier function of the same name from package ‘cclust’. The main difference is that it returns an S4 object of class "kcca", hence all available methods for "kcca" objects can be used. By default kcca and cclust use exactly the same algorithm, but cclust will usually be much faster because it uses compiled code.

If dist is "euclidean", the distance between the cluster center and the data points is the Euclidian distance (ordinary kmeans algorithm), and cluster means are used as centroids. If "manhattan", the distance between the cluster center and the data points is the sum of the absolute values of the distances, and the column-wise cluster medians are used as centroids.

If method is "kmeans", the classic kmeans algorithm as given by MacQueen (1967) is used, which works by repeatedly moving all cluster centers to the mean of their respective Voronoi sets. If "hardcl", on-line updates are used (AKA hard competitive learning), which work by randomly drawing an observation from x and moving the closest center towards that point (e.g., Ripley 1996). If "neuralgas" then the neural gas algorithm by Martinetz et al (1993) is used. It is similar to hard competitive learning, but in addition to the closest centroid also the second closest centroid is moved in each iteration.

Value

An object of class "kcca".

Author(s)

Evgenia Dimitriadou and Friedrich Leisch

References

MacQueen, J. (1967). Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, eds L. M. Le Cam & J. Neyman, 1, pp. 281–297. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Martinetz T., Berkovich S., and Schulten K (1993). ‘Neural-Gas’ Network for Vector Quantization and its Application to Time-Series Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 4 (4), pp. 558–569.

Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge.

See Also

cclustControl-class, kcca

Examples

## a 2-dimensional example
x <- rbind(matrix(rnorm(100, sd=0.3), ncol=2),
           matrix(rnorm(100, mean=1, sd=0.3), ncol=2))
cl <- cclust(x,2)
plot(x, col=predict(cl))
points(cl@centers, pch="x", cex=2, col=3) 

## a 3-dimensional example 
x <- rbind(matrix(rnorm(150, sd=0.3), ncol=3),
           matrix(rnorm(150, mean=2, sd=0.3), ncol=3),
           matrix(rnorm(150, mean=4, sd=0.3), ncol=3))
cl <- cclust(x, 6, method="neuralgas", save.data=TRUE)
pairs(x, col=predict(cl))
plot(cl)

---

Cluster Similarity Matrix

Description

Returns a matrix of cluster similarities. Currently two methods for computing similarities of clusters are implemented, see details below.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
clusterSim(object, data=NULL, method=c("shadow", "centers"), 
           symmetric=FALSE, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple'
clusterSim(object, data=NULL, method=c("shadow", "centers"), 
           symmetric=FALSE, ...)

Arguments

object	Fitted object.
data	Data to use for computation of the shadow values. If the cluster object x was created with save.data=TRUE, then these are used by default. Ignored if method="centers".
method	Type of similarities, see details below.
symmetric	Compute symmetric or asymmetric shadow values? Ignored if method="centers".
...	Currently not used.

Details

If method="shadow" (the default), then the similarity of two clusters is proportional to the number of points in a cluster, where the centroid of the other cluster is second-closest. See Leisch (2006, 2008) for detailed formulas.

If method="centers", then first the pairwise distances between all centroids are computed and rescaled to [0,1]. The similarity between tow clusters is then simply 1 minus the rescaled distance.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. A Toolbox for K-Centroids Cluster Analysis. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51 (2), 526–544, 2006.

Friedrich Leisch. Visualizing cluster analysis and finite mixture models. In Chun houh Chen, Wolfgang Haerdle, and Antony Unwin, editors, Handbook of Data Visualization, Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics. Springer Verlag, 2008.

Examples

example(Nclus)

clusterSim(cl)
clusterSim(cl, symmetric=TRUE)

## should have similar structure but will be numerically different:
clusterSim(cl, symmetric=TRUE, data=Nclus[sample(1:550, 200),])

## different concept of cluster similarity
clusterSim(cl, method="centers")

---

Conversion Between S3 Partition Objects and KCCA

Description

These functions can be used to convert the results from cluster functions like kmeans or pam to objects of class "kcca" and vice versa.

Usage

as.kcca(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'hclust'
as.kcca(object, data, k, family=NULL, save.data=FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'kmeans'
as.kcca(object, data, save.data=FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'partition'
as.kcca(object, data=NULL, save.data=FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'skmeans'
as.kcca(object, data, save.data=FALSE, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,kmeans'
coerce(from, to="kmeans", strict=TRUE)

Cutree(tree, k=NULL, h=NULL)

Arguments

object	Fitted object.
data	Data which were used to obtain the clustering. For "partition" objects created by functions from package cluster this is optional, if object contains the data.
save.data	Save a copy of the data in the return object?
k	Number of clusters.
family	Object of class "kccaFamily", can be omitted for some known distances.
...	Currently not used.
from, to, strict	Usual arguments for coerce
tree	A tree as produced by hclust.
h	Numeric scalar or vector with heights where the tree should be cut.

Details

The standard cutree function orders clusters such that observation one is in cluster one, the first observation (as ordered in the data set) not in cluster one is in cluster two, etc. Cutree orders clusters as shown in the dendrogram from left to right such that similar clusters have similar numbers. The latter is used when converting to kcca.

For hierarchical clustering the cluster memberships of the converted object can be different from the result of Cutree, because one KCCA-iteration has to be performed in order to obtain a valid kcca object. In this case a warning is issued.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

Examples

data(Nclus)

cl1 <- kmeans(Nclus, 4)
cl1
cl1a <- as.kcca(cl1, Nclus)
cl1a
cl1b <- as(cl1a, "kmeans")



library("cluster")
cl2 <- pam(Nclus, 4)
cl2
cl2a <- as.kcca(cl2)
cl2a
## the same
cl2b <- as.kcca(cl2, Nclus)
cl2b



## hierarchical clustering
hc <- hclust(dist(USArrests))
plot(hc)
rect.hclust(hc, k=3)
c3 <- Cutree(hc, k=3)
k3 <- as.kcca(hc, USArrests, k=3)
barchart(k3)
table(c3, clusters(k3))

---

Dentition of Mammals

Description

Mammal's teeth divided into the 4 groups: incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

Usage

data(dentitio)

Format

A data frame with 66 observations on the following 8 variables.

top.inc

Top incisors.

bot.inc

Bottom incisors.

top.can

Top canines.

bot.can

Bottom canines.

top.pre

Top premolars.

bot.pre

Bottom premolars.

top.mol

Top molars.

bot.mol

Bottom molars.

References

John A. Hartigan: Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York, 1975.

---

Compute Pairwise Distances Between Two Data sets

Description

This function computes and returns the distance matrix computed by using the specified distance measure to compute the pairwise distances between the rows of two data matrices.

Usage

dist2(x, y, method = "euclidean", p=2)

Arguments

x	A data matrix.
y	A vector or second data matrix.
method	the distance measure to be used. This must be one of "euclidean", "maximum", "manhattan", "canberra", "binary" or "minkowski". Any unambiguous substring can be given.
p	The power of the Minkowski distance.

Details

This is a two-data-set equivalent of the standard function dist. It returns a matrix of all pairwise distances between rows in x and y. The current implementation is efficient only if y has not too many rows (the code is vectorized in x but not in y).

Note

The definition of Canberra distance was wrong for negative data prior to version 1.3-5.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

dist

Examples

x <- matrix(rnorm(20), ncol=4)
rownames(x) = paste("X", 1:nrow(x), sep=".")
y <- matrix(rnorm(12), ncol=4)
rownames(y) = paste("Y", 1:nrow(y), sep=".")

dist2(x, y)
dist2(x, y, "man")

data(milk)
dist2(milk[1:5,], milk[4:6,])

---

Distance and Centroid Computation

Description

Helper functions to create kccaFamily objects.

Usage

distAngle(x, centers)
distCanberra(x, centers)
distCor(x, centers)
distEuclidean(x, centers)
distJaccard(x, centers)
distManhattan(x, centers)
distMax(x, centers)
distMinkowski(x, centers, p=2)

centAngle(x)
centMean(x)
centMedian(x)

centOptim(x, dist)
centOptim01(x, dist)

Arguments

x	A data matrix.
centers	A matrix of centroids.
p	The power of the Minkowski distance.
dist	A distance function.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

---

Classes "flexclustControl" and "cclustControl"

Description

Hyperparameters for cluster algorithms.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("flexclustControl", ...). In addition, named lists can be coerced to flexclustControl objects, names are completed if unique (see examples).

Slots

Objects of class "flexclustControl" have the following slots:

iter.max:

Maximum number of iterations.

tolerance:

The algorithm is stopped when the (relative) change of the optimization criterion is smaller than tolerance.

verbose:

If a positive integer, then progress is reported every verbose iterations. If 0, no output is generated during model fitting.

classify:

Character string, one of "auto", "weighted", "hard" or "simann".

initcent:

Character string, name of function for initial centroids, currently "randomcent" (the default) and "kmeanspp" are available.

gamma:

Gamma value for weighted hard competitive learning.

simann:

Parameters for simulated annealing optimization (only used when classify="simann").

ntry:

Number of trials per iteration for QT clustering.

min.size:

Clusters smaller than this value are treated as outliers.

Objects of class "cclustControl" inherit from "flexclustControl" and have the following additional slots:

method:

Learning rate for hard competitive learning, one of "polynomial" or "exponential".

pol.rate:

Positive number for polynomial learning rate of form $1/iter^{par}$.

exp.rate

Vector of length 2 with parameters for exponential learning rate of form $par1*(par2/par1)^{(iter/iter.max)}$

.

ng.rate:

Vector of length 4 with parameters for neural gas, see details below.

Learning Rate of Neural Gas

The neural gas algorithm uses updates of form

$cnew = cold + e*exp(-m/l)*(x - cold)$

for every centroid, where $m$ is the order (minus 1) of the centroid with respect to distance to data point $x$ (0=closest, 1=second, ...). The parameters $e$ and $l$ are given by

$e = par1*(par2/par1)^{(iter/iter.max)},$

$l = par3*(par4/par3)^{(iter/iter.max)}.$

See Martinetz et al (1993) for details of the algorithm, and the examples section on how to obtain default values.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Martinetz T., Berkovich S., and Schulten K. (1993). "Neural-Gas Network for Vector Quantization and its Application to Time-Series Prediction." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 4 (4), pp. 558–569.

Arthur D. and Vassilvitskii S. (2007). "k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding". Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms. pp. 1027-1035.

See Also

kcca, cclust

Examples

## have a look at the defaults
new("flexclustControl")

## corce a list
mycont <- list(iter=500, tol=0.001, class="w")
as(mycont, "flexclustControl")

## some additional slots
as(mycont, "cclustControl")

## default values for ng.rate
new("cclustControl")@ng.rate

---

Flexclust Color Palettes

Description

Create and access palettes for the plot methods.

Usage

flxColors(n=1:8, color=c("full","medium", "light","dark"), grey=FALSE)
  flxPalette(n, ...)

Arguments

n	Index number of color to return (1 to 8) for flxColor, number of colors to return for flxPalette().
color	Type of color, see details.
grey	Return grey value corresponding to palette.
...	Passed on to flxColors().

Details

This function creates color palettes in HCL space for up to 8 colors. All palettes have constant chroma and luminance, only the hue of the colors change within a palette.

Palettes "full" and "dark" have the same luminance, and palettes "medium" and "light" have the same luminance.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

hcl

Examples

opar <- par(c("mfrow", "mar", "xaxt"))
par(mfrow=c(2, 2), mar=c(0, 0, 2, 0), yaxt="n")

x <- rep(1, 8)

barplot(x, col = flxColors(color="full"), main="full")
barplot(x, col = flxColors(color="dark"), main="dark")
barplot(x, col = flxColors(color="medium"), main="medium")
barplot(x, col = flxColors(color="light"), main="light")

par(opar)

---

Methods for Function histogram in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Plot a histogram of the similarity of each observation to each cluster.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,missing'
histogram(x, data, xlab="", ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,data.frame'
histogram(x, data, xlab="", ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,matrix'
histogram(x, data, xlab="Similarity",
          power=1, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class "kccasimple".
data	If not missing, the distance and thus similarity between observations and cluster centers is determined for the new data and used for the plots. By default the values from the training data are used.
xlab	Label for the x-axis.
power	Numeric indicating how similarities are transformed, for more details see Dolnicar et al. (2018).
...	Additional arguments passed to histogram.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Dolnicar S., Gruen B., and Leisch F. (2018) Market Segmentation Analysis: Understanding It, Doing It, and Making It Useful. Springer Singapore.

---

Methods for Function image in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Image plot of cluster segments overlaid by neighbourhood graph.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
image(x, which = 1:2, npoints = 100,
         xlab = "", ylab = "", fastcol = TRUE, col=NULL,
         clwd=0, graph=TRUE, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class "kcca".
which	Index number of dimensions of input space to plot.
npoints	Number of grid points for image.
fastcol	If TRUE, a greedy algorithm is used for the background colors of the segments, which may result in neighbouring segments having the same color. If FALSE, neighbouring segments always have different colors at a speed penalty.
col	Vector of background colors for the segments.
clwd	Line width of contour lines at cluster boundaries, use larger values for npoints than the default to get smooth lines. (Warning: We really need a smarter way to draw cluster boundaries!)
graph	Logical, add a neighborhood graph to the plot?
xlab, ylab, ...	Graphical parameters.

Details

This works only for "kcca" objects, no method is available for "kccasimple" objects.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

kcca

---

Get Information on Fitted Flexclust Objects

Description

Returns descriptive information about fitted flexclust objects like cluster sizes or sum of within-cluster distances.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'flexclust,character'
info(object, which, drop=TRUE, ...)

Arguments

object	Fitted object.
which	Which information to get. Use which="help" to list available information.
drop	Logical. If TRUE the result is coerced to the lowest possible dimension.
...	Passed to methods.

Details

Function info can be used to access slots of fitted flexclust objects in a portable way, and in addition computes some meta-information like sum of within-cluster distances.

Function infoCheck returns a logical value that is TRUE if the requested information can be computed from the object.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

info

Examples

data("Nclus")
plot(Nclus)

cl1 <- cclust(Nclus, k=4)
summary(cl1)

## these two are the same
info(cl1)
info(cl1, "help")

## cluster sizes
i1 <- info(cl1, "size")
i1

## average within cluster distances
i2 <- info(cl1, "av_dist")
i2

## the sum of all within-cluster distances
i3 <- info(cl1, "distsum")
i3

## sum(i1*i2) must of course be the same as i3
stopifnot(all.equal(sum(i1*i2), i3))



## This should return TRUE
modeltools::infoCheck(cl1, "size")
## and this FALSE
modeltools::infoCheck(cl1, "Homer Simpson")
## both combined
i4 <- modeltools::infoCheck(cl1, c("size", "Homer Simpson"))
i4

stopifnot(all.equal(i4, c(TRUE, FALSE)))

---

K-Centroids Cluster Analysis

Description

Perform k-centroids clustering on a data matrix.

Usage

kcca(x, k, family=kccaFamily("kmeans"), weights=NULL,
     group=NULL, control=NULL, simple=FALSE, save.data=FALSE)
kccaFamily(which=NULL, dist=NULL, cent=NULL, name=which, preproc = NULL,
           genDist=NULL, trim=0, groupFun = "minSumClusters")

## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple'
summary(object)

Arguments

x	A numeric matrix of data, or an object that can be coerced to such a matrix using data.matrix.
k	Either the number of clusters, or a vector of cluster assignments, or a matrix of initial (distinct) cluster centroids. If a number, a random set of (distinct) rows in x is chosen as the initial centroids.
family	Object of class "kccaFamily".
weights	An optional vector of weights to be used in the clustering process, cannot be combined with all families.
group	An optional grouping vector for the data, see details below.
control	An object of class "flexclustControl".
simple	Return an object of class "kccasimple"?
save.data	Save a copy of x in the return object?
which	One of "kmeans", "kmedians", "angle", "jaccard", or "ejaccard".
name	Optional long name for family, used only for show methods.
dist	A function for distance computation, ignored if which is specified.
cent	A function for centroid computation, ignored if which is specified.
preproc	Function for data preprocessing. Defaults to function(x) x.
genDist	Function for updating the family object based on x.
trim	A number in between 0 and 0.5, if non-zero then trimmed means are used for the kmeans family, ignored by all other families.
groupFun	Function or name of function to obtain clusters for grouped data, see details below.
object	Object of class "kcca".

Details

See the paper A Toolbox for K-Centroids Cluster Analysis referenced below for details.

Value

Function kcca returns objects of class "kcca" or "kccasimple" depending on the value of argument simple. The simpler objects contain fewer slots and hence are faster to compute, but contain no auxiliary information used by the plotting methods. Most plot methods for "kccasimple" objects do nothing and return a warning. If only centroids, cluster membership or prediction for new data are of interest, then the simple objects are sufficient.

Predefined Families

Function kccaFamily() currently has the following predefined families (distance / centroid):

kmeans:

Euclidean distance / mean

kmedians:

Manhattan distance / median

angle:

angle between observation and centroid / standardized mean

jaccard:

Jaccard distance / numeric optimization

ejaccard:

Jaccard distance / mean

See Leisch (2006) for details on all combinations.

Group Constraints

If group is not NULL, then observations from the same group are restricted to belong to the same cluster (must-link constraint) or different clusters (cannot-link constraint) during the fitting process. If groupFun = "minSumClusters", then all group members are assign to the cluster where the center has minimal average distance to the group members. If groupFun = "majorityClusters", then all group members are assigned to the cluster the majority would belong to without a constraint.

groupFun = "differentClusters" implements a cannot-link constraint, i.e., members of one group are not allowed to belong to the same cluster. The optimal allocation for each group is found by solving a linear sum assignment problem using solve_LSAP. Obviously the group sizes must be smaller than the number of clusters in this case.

Ties are broken at random in all cases. Note that at the moment not all methods for fitted "kcca" objects respect the grouping information, most importantly the plot method when a data argument is specified.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. A Toolbox for K-Centroids Cluster Analysis. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51 (2), 526–544, 2006.

Friedrich Leisch and Bettina Gruen. Extending standard cluster algorithms to allow for group constraints. In Alfredo Rizzi and Maurizio Vichi, editors, Compstat 2006-Proceedings in Computational Statistics, pages 885-892. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2006.

See Also

stepFlexclust, cclust, distances

Examples

data("Nclus")
plot(Nclus)

## try kmeans 
cl1 <- kcca(Nclus, k=4)
cl1

image(cl1)
points(Nclus)

## A barplot of the centroids 
barplot(cl1)


## now use k-medians and kmeans++ initialization, cluster centroids
## should be similar...

cl2 <- kcca(Nclus, k=4, family=kccaFamily("kmedians"),
           control=list(initcent="kmeanspp"))
cl2

## ... but the boundaries of the partitions have a different shape
image(cl2)
points(Nclus)

---

Convert Cluster Result to Data Frame

Description

Convert object of class "kcca" to a data frame in long format.

Usage

kcca2df(object, data)

Arguments

object	Object of class "kcca".
data	Optional data if not saved in object.

Value

A data.frame with columns value, variable and group.

Examples

c.iris <- cclust(iris[,-5], 3, save.data=TRUE)
df.c.iris <- kcca2df(c.iris)
summary(df.c.iris)
densityplot(~value|variable+group, data=df.c.iris)

---

Milk of Mammals

Description

The data set contains the ingredients of mammal's milk of 25 animals.

Usage

data(milk)

Format

A data frame with 25 observations on the following 5 variables (all in percent).

water

Water.

protein

Protein.

fat

Fat.

lactose

Lactose.

ash

Ash.

References

John A. Hartigan: Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York, 1975.

---

Artificial Example with 4 Gaussians

Description

A simple artificial regression example with 4 clusters, all of them having a Gaussian distribution.

Usage

data(Nclus)

Details

The Nclus data set can be re-created by loading package flexmix and running ExNclus(100) using set.seed(2602). It has been saved as a data set for simplicity of examples only.

Examples

data(Nclus)
cl <- cclust(Nclus, k=4, simple=FALSE, save.data=TRUE)
plot(cl)

---

Nutrients in Meat, Fish and Fowl

Description

The data set contains the measurements of nutrients in several types of meat, fish and fowl.

Usage

data(nutrient)

Format

A data frame with 27 observations on the following 5 variables.

energy

Food energy (calories).

protein

Protein (grams).

fat

Fat (grams).

calcium

calcium (milli grams).

iron

Iron (milli grams).

References

John A. Hartigan: Clustering Algorithms. Wiley, New York, 1975.

---

Methods for Function pairs in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Plot a matrix of neighbourhood graphs.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
pairs(x, which=NULL, project=NULL, oma=NULL, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class "kcca"
which	Index numbers of dimensions of (projected) input space to plot, default is to plot all dimensions.
project	Projection object for which a predict method exists, e.g., the result of prcomp.
oma	Outer margin.
...	Passed to the plot method.

Details

This works only for "kcca" objects, no method is available for "kccasimple" objects.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

---

Get Centroids from KCCA Object

Description

Returns the matrix of centroids of a fitted object of class "kcca".

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple'
parameters(object, ...)

Arguments

object	Fitted object.
...	Currently not used.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

---

Methods for Function plot in Package ‘flexclust’

Description

Plot the neighbourhood graph of a cluster solution together with projected data points.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kcca,missing'
plot(x, y, which=1:2, project=NULL,
         data=NULL, points=TRUE, hull=TRUE, hull.args=NULL, 
         number = TRUE, simlines=TRUE,
         lwd=1, maxlwd=8*lwd, cex=1.5, numcol=FALSE, nodes=16,
         add=FALSE, xlab="", ylab="", xlim = NULL,
         ylim = NULL, pch=NULL, col=NULL, ...)

Arguments

x	An object of class "kcca"
y	Not used
which	Index numbers of dimensions of (projected) input space to plot.
project	Projection object for which a predict method exists, e.g., the result of prcomp.
data	Data to include in plot. If the cluster object x was created with save.data=TRUE, then these are used by default.
points	Logical, shall data points be plotted (if available)?
hull	If TRUE, then hulls of the data are plotted (if available). Can either be a logical value, one of the strings "convex" (the default) or "ellipse", or a function for plotting the hulls.
hull.args	A list of arguments for the hull function.
number	Logical, plot number labels in nodes of graph?
numcol, cex	Color and size of number labels in nodes of graph. If numcol is logical, it switches between black and the color of the clusters, else it is taken as a vector of colors.
nodes	Plotting symbol to use for nodes if no numbers are drawn.
simlines	Logical, plot edges of graph?
lwd, maxlwd	Numerical, thickness of lines.
add	Logical, add to existing plot?
xlab, ylab	Axis labels.
xlim, ylim	Axis range.
pch, col, ...	Plotting symbols and colors for data points.

Details

This works only for "kcca" objects, no method is available for "kccasimple" objects.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. Visualizing cluster analysis and finite mixture models. In Chun houh Chen, Wolfgang Haerdle, and Antony Unwin, editors, Handbook of Data Visualization, Springer Handbooks of Computational Statistics. Springer Verlag, 2008.

---

Predict Cluster Membership

Description

Return either the cluster membership of training data or predict for new data.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple'
predict(object, newdata, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'flexclust,ANY'
clusters(object, newdata, ...)

Arguments

object	Object of class inheriting from "flexclust".
newdata	An optional data matrix with the same number of columns as the cluster centers. If omitted, the fitted values are used.
...	Currently not used.

Details

clusters can be used on any object of class "flexclust" and returns the cluster memberships of the training data.

predict can be used only on objects of class "kcca" (which inherit from "flexclust"). If no newdata argument is specified, the function is identical to clusters, if newdata is specified, then cluster memberships for the new data are predicted. clusters(object, newdata, ...) is an alias for predict(object, newdata, ...).

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

---

Artificial 2d Market Segment Data

Description

Simple artificial 2-dimensional data to demonstrate clustering for market segmentation. One dimension is the hypothetical feature sophistication (or performance or quality, etc) of a product, the second dimension the price customers are willing to pay for the product.

Usage

priceFeature(n, which=c("2clust", "3clust", "3clustold", "5clust",
                        "ellipse", "triangle", "circle", "square",
                        "largesmall"))

Arguments

n	Sample size.
which	Shape of data set.

References

Sara Dolnicar and Friedrich Leisch. Evaluation of structure and reproducibility of cluster solutions using the bootstrap. Marketing Letters, 21:83-101, 2010.

Examples

plot(priceFeature(200, "2clust"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "3clust"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "3clustold"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "5clust"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "ell"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "tri"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "circ"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "square"))
plot(priceFeature(200, "largesmall"))

---

Add Arrows for Projected Axes to a Plot

Description

Adds arrows for original coordinate axes to a projection plot.

Usage

projAxes(object, which=1:2, center=NULL,
                     col="red", radius=NULL,
                     minradius=0.1, textargs=list(col=col),
                     col.names=getColnames(object),
                     which.names="", group = NULL, groupFun = colMeans,
                     plot=TRUE, ...)

placeLabels(object)
## S4 method for signature 'projAxes'
placeLabels(object)

Arguments

object	Return value of a projection method like prcomp.
which	Index number of dimensions of (projected) input space that have been plotted.
center	Center of the coordinate system to use in projected space. Default is the center of the plotting region.
col	Color of arrows.
radius	Relative size of the arrows.
minradius	Minimum radius of arrows to include (relative to arrow size).
textargs	List of arguments for text.
col.names	Variable names of the original data.
which.names	A regular expression which variable names to include in the plot.
group	An optional grouping variable for the original coordinates. Coordinates with group NA are omitted.
groupFun	Function used to aggregate the projected coordinates if group is specified.
plot	Logical,if TRUE the axes are added to the current plot.
...	Passed to arrows.

Value

projAxes invisibly returns an object of class "projAxes", which can be added to an existing plot by its plot method.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

Examples

data(milk)
milk.pca <- prcomp(milk, scale=TRUE)

## create a biplot step by step
plot(predict(milk.pca), type="n")
text(predict(milk.pca), rownames(milk), col="green", cex=0.8)
projAxes(milk.pca)

## the same, but arrows are blue, centered at origin and all arrows are
## plotted 
plot(predict(milk.pca), type="n")
text(predict(milk.pca), rownames(milk), col="green", cex=0.8)
projAxes(milk.pca, col="blue", center=0, minradius=0)

## use points instead of text, plot PC2 and PC3, manual radius
## specification, store result
plot(predict(milk.pca)[,c(2,3)])
arr <- projAxes(milk.pca, which=c(2,3), radius=1.2, plot=FALSE)
plot(arr)

## Not run: 

## manually try to find new places for the labels: each arrow is marked
## active in turn, use the left mouse button to find a better location
## for the label. Use the right mouse button to go on to the next
## variable.

arr1 <- placeLabels(arr)

## now do the plot again:
plot(predict(milk.pca)[,c(2,3)])
plot(arr1)

## End(Not run)

---

Barcharts and Boxplots for Columns of a Data Matrix Split by Groups

Description

Split a binary or numeric matrix by a grouping variable, run a series of tests on all variables, adjust for multiple testing and graphically represent results.

Usage

propBarchart(x, g, alpha=0.05, correct="holm", test="prop.test",
             sort=FALSE, strip.prefix="", strip.labels=NULL,
             which=NULL, byvar=FALSE, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'propBarchart'
summary(object, ...)

groupBWplot(x, g, alpha=0.05, correct="holm", xlab="", col=NULL,
            shade=!is.null(shadefun), shadefun=NULL,
            strip.prefix="", strip.labels=NULL, which=NULL, byvar=FALSE,
            ...)

Arguments

x	A binary data matrix.
g	A factor specifying the groups.
alpha	Significance level for test of differences in proportions.
correct	Correction method for multiple testing, passed to p.adjust.
test	Test to use for detecting significant differences in proportions.
sort	Logical, sort variables by total sample mean?
strip.prefix	Character string prepended to strips of the barchart (the remainder of the strip are group levels and group sizes). Ignored if strip.labels is specified.
strip.labels	Character vector of labels to use for strips of barchart.
which	Index numbers or names of variables to plot.
byvar	If TRUE, a panel is plotted for each variable. By default a panel is plotted for each group.
...	Passed on to barchart or bwplot.
object	Return value of propBarchart.
xlab	A title for the x-axis: see title. The default is "".
col	Vector of colors for the panels.
shade	If TRUE, only variables with significant differences in median are filled with color.
shadefun	A function or name of a function to compute which boxes are shaded, e.g. "kruskalTest" (default), "medianInside" or "boxOverlap".

Details

Function propBarchart splits a binary data matrix into subgroups, computes the percentage of ones in each column and compares the proportions in the groups using prop.test. The p-values for all variables are adjusted for multiple testing and a barchart of group percentages is drawn highlighting variables with significant differences in proportion. The summary method can be used to create a corresponding table for publications.

Function groupBWplot takes a general numeric matrix, also splits into subgroups and uses boxes instead of bars. By default kruskal.test is used to compute significant differences in location, in addition the heuristics from bwplot,kcca-method can be used. Boxes of the complete sample are used as reference in the background.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

barplot-methods, bwplot,kcca-method

Examples

## create a binary matrix from the iris data plus a random noise column
 x <- apply(iris[,-5], 2, function(z) z>median(z))
 x <- cbind(x, Noise=sample(0:1, 150, replace=TRUE))

 ## There are significant differences in all 4 original variables, Noise
 ## has most likely no significant difference (of course the difference
 ## will be significant in alpha percent of all random samples).
 p <- propBarchart(x, iris$Species)
 p
 summary(p)
 propBarchart(x, iris$Species, byvar=TRUE)
 
 x <- iris[,-5]
 x <- cbind(x, Noise=rnorm(150, mean=3))
 groupBWplot(x, iris$Species)
 groupBWplot(x, iris$Species, shade=TRUE)
 groupBWplot(x, iris$Species, shadefun="medianInside")
 groupBWplot(x, iris$Species, shade=TRUE, byvar=TRUE)

---

Stochastic QT Clustering

Description

Perform stochastic QT clustering on a data matrix.

Usage

qtclust(x, radius, family = kccaFamily("kmeans"), control = NULL,
        save.data=FALSE, kcca=FALSE)

Arguments

x	A numeric matrix of data, or an object that can be coerced to such a matrix (such as a numeric vector or a data frame with all numeric columns).
radius	Maximum radius of clusters.
family	Object of class "kccaFamily" specifying the distance measure to be used.
control	An object of class "flexclustControl" specifying the minimum number of observations per cluster (min.size), and trials per iteration (ntry, see details below).

.

save.data	Save a copy of x in the return object?
kcca	Run kcca after the QT cluster algorithm has converged?

Details

This function implements a variation of the QT clustering algorithm by Heyer et al. (1999), see Scharl and Leisch (2006). The main difference is that in each iteration not all possible cluster start points are considered, but only a random sample of size control@ntry. We also consider only points as initial centers where at least one other point is within a circle with radius radius. In most cases the resulting solutions are almost the same at a considerable speed increase, in some cases even better solutions are obtained than with the original algorithm. If control@ntry is set to the size of the data set, an algorithm similar to the original algorithm as proposed by Heyer et al. (1999) is obtained.

Value

Function qtclust by default returns objects of class "kccasimple". If argument kcca is TRUE, function kcca() is run afterwards (initialized on the QT cluster solution). Data points not clustered by the QT cluster algorithm are omitted from the kcca() iterations, but filled back into the return object. All plot methods defined for objects of class "kcca" can be used.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Heyer, L. J., Kruglyak, S., Yooseph, S. (1999). Exploring expression data: Identification and analysis of coexpressed genes. Genome Research 9, 1106–1115.

Theresa Scharl and Friedrich Leisch. The stochastic QT-clust algorithm: evaluation of stability and variance on time-course microarray data. In Alfredo Rizzi and Maurizio Vichi, editors, Compstat 2006 – Proceedings in Computational Statistics, pages 1015-1022. Physica Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2006.

Examples

x <- matrix(10*runif(1000), ncol=2)

## maximum distrance of point to cluster center is 3
cl1 <- qtclust(x, radius=3)

## maximum distrance of point to cluster center is 1
## -> more clusters, longer runtime
cl2 <- qtclust(x, radius=1)

opar <- par(c("mfrow","mar"))
par(mfrow=c(2,1), mar=c(2.1,2.1,1,1))
plot(x, col=predict(cl1), xlab="", ylab="")
plot(x, col=predict(cl2), xlab="", ylab="")
par(opar)

---

Compare Partitions

Description

Compute the (adjusted) Rand, Jaccard and Fowlkes-Mallows index for agreement of two partitions.

Usage

comPart(x, y, type=c("ARI","RI","J","FM"))
## S4 method for signature 'flexclust,flexclust'
comPart(x, y, type)
## S4 method for signature 'numeric,numeric'
comPart(x, y, type)
## S4 method for signature 'flexclust,numeric'
comPart(x, y, type)
## S4 method for signature 'numeric,flexclust'
comPart(x, y, type)

randIndex(x, y, correct=TRUE, original=!correct)
## S4 method for signature 'table,missing'
randIndex(x, y, correct=TRUE, original=!correct)
## S4 method for signature 'ANY,ANY'
randIndex(x, y, correct=TRUE, original=!correct)

Arguments

x	Either a 2-dimensional cross-tabulation of cluster assignments (for randIndex only), an object inheriting from class "flexclust", or an integer vector of cluster memberships.
y	An object inheriting from class "flexclust", or an integer vector of cluster memberships.
type	character vector of abbreviations of indices to compute.
correct, original	Logical, correct the Rand index for agreement by chance?

Value

A vector of indices.

Rand Index

Let $A$ denote the number of all pairs of data points which are either put into the same cluster by both partitions or put into different clusters by both partitions. Conversely, let $D$ denote the number of all pairs of data points that are put into one cluster in one partition, but into different clusters by the other partition. The partitions disagree for all pairs $D$ and agree for all pairs $A$. We can measure the agreement by the Rand index $A/(A+D)$ which is invariant with respect to permutations of cluster labels.

The index has to be corrected for agreement by chance if the sizes of the clusters are not uniform (which is usually the case), or if there are many clusters, see Hubert & Arabie (1985) for details.

Jaccard Index

If the number of clusters is very large, then usually the vast majority of pairs of points will not be in the same cluster. The Jaccard index tries to account for this by using only pairs of points that are in the same cluster in the defintion of $A$.

Fowlkes-Mallows

Let $A$ again be the pairs of points that are in the same cluster in both partitions. Fowlkes-Mallows divides this number by the geometric mean of the sums of the number of pairs in each cluster of the two partitions. This gives the probability that a pair of points which are in the same cluster in one partition are also in the same cluster in the other partition.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Lawrence Hubert and Phipps Arabie. Comparing partitions. Journal of Classification, 2, 193–218, 1985.

Marina Meila. Comparing clusterings - an axiomatic view. In Stefan Wrobel and Luc De Raedt, editors, Proceedings of the International Machine Learning Conference (ICML). ACM Press, 2005.

Examples

## no class correlations: corrected Rand almost zero
g1 <- sample(1:5, size=1000, replace=TRUE)
g2 <- sample(1:5, size=1000, replace=TRUE)
tab <- table(g1, g2)
randIndex(tab)

## uncorrected version will be large, because there are many points
## which are assigned to different clusters in both cases
randIndex(tab, correct=FALSE)
comPart(g1, g2)

## let pairs (g1=1,g2=1) and (g1=3,g2=3) agree better
k <- sample(1:1000, size=200)
g1[k] <- 1
g2[k] <- 1
k <- sample(1:1000, size=200)
g1[k] <- 3
g2[k] <- 3
tab <- table(g1, g2)

## the index should be larger than before
randIndex(tab, correct=TRUE, original=TRUE)
comPart(g1, g2)

---

Plot a Random Tour

Description

Create a series of projection plots corresponding to a random tour through the data.

Usage

randomTour(object, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'ANY'
randomTour(object, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'matrix'
randomTour(object, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'flexclust'
randomTour(object, data=NULL, col=NULL, ...)

randomTourMatrix(x, directions=10,
                 steps=100, sec=4, sleep = sec/steps,
                 axiscol=2, axislab=colnames(x),
                 center=NULL, radius=1, minradius=0.01, asp=1,
                 ...)

Arguments

object, x	A matrix or an object of class "flexclust".
data	Data to include in plot.
col	Plotting colors for data points.
directions	Integer value, how many different directions are toured.
steps	Integer, number of steps in each direction.
sec	Numerical, lower bound for the number of seconds each direction takes.
sleep	Numerical, sleep for as many seconds after each picture has been plotted.
axiscol	If not NULL, then arrows are plotted for projections of the original coordinate axes in these colors.
axislab	Optional labels for the projected axes.
center	Center of the coordinate system to use in projected space. Default is the center of the plotting region.
radius	Relative size of the arrows.
minradius	Minimum radius of arrows to include.
asp, ...	Passed on to randomTourMatrix and from there to plot.

Details

Two random locations are chosen, and data then projected onto hyperplanes which are orthogonal to step vectors interpolating the two locations. The first two coordinates of the projected data are plotted. If directions is larger than one, then after the first steps plots one more random location is chosen, and the procedure is repeated from the current position to the new location, etc..

The whole procedure is similar to a grand tour, but no attempt is made to optimize subsequent directions, randomTour simply chooses a random direction in each iteration. Use rggobi for the real thing.

Obviously the function needs a reasonably fast computer and graphics device to give a smooth impression, for x11 it may be necessary to use type="Xlib" rather than cairo.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

Examples

if(interactive()){
  par(ask=FALSE)
  randomTour(iris[,1:4], axiscol=2:5)
  randomTour(iris[,1:4], col=as.numeric(iris$Species), axiscol=4)

  x <- matrix(runif(300), ncol=3)
  x <- rbind(x, x+1, x+2)
  cl <- cclust(x, k=3, save.data=TRUE)

  randomTour(cl, center=0, axiscol="black")

  ## now use predicted cluster membership for new data as colors
  randomTour(cl, center=0, axiscol="black",
             data=matrix(rnorm(3000, mean=1, sd=2), ncol=3))
}

---

Relabel Cluster Results.

Description

The clusters are relabelled to obtain a unique labeling.

Usage

relabel(object, by, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,character'
relabel(object, by, which = NULL, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,integer'
relabel(object, by, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple,missing'
relabel(object, by, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'stepFlexclust,integer'
relabel(object, by = "series", ...)
## S4 method for signature 'stepFlexclust,missing'
relabel(object, by, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class "kccasimple" or "stepFlexclust".
by	If a character vector, it needs to be one of "mean", "median", "variable", "manual", "centers", "shadow", "symmshadow" or "series". If missing, "mean" or "series" is used depending on if object is of class "kccasimple" or "stepFlexclust". If an integer vector, it needs to indicate the new ordering.
which	Either an integer vector indiating the ordering or a vector of length one indicating the variable used for ordering.
...	Currently not used.

Details

If by is a character vector with value "mean" or "median", the clusters are ordered by the mean or median values over all variables for each cluster. If by = "manual" which needs to be a vector indicating the ordering. If by = "variable" which needs to be indicate the variable which is used to determine the ordering. If by is "centers", "shadow" or "symmshadow", cluster similarities are calculated using clusterSim and used to determine an ordering using seriate from package seriation.

If by = "series" the relabeling is performed over a series of clustering to minimize the misclassification.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

See Also

clusterSim, seriate

---

Cluster Shadows and Silhouettes

Description

Compute and plot shadows and silhouettes.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'kccasimple'
shadow(object, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'kcca'
Silhouette(object, data=NULL, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class "kcca" or "kccasimple".
data	Data to compute silhouette values for. If the cluster object was created with save.data=TRUE, then these are used by default.
...	Currently not used.

Details

The shadow value of each data point is defined as twice the distance to the closest centroid divided by the sum of distances to closest and second-closest centroid. If the shadow values of a point is close to 0, then the point is close to its cluster centroid. If the shadow value is close to 1, it is almost equidistant to the two centroids. Thus, a cluster that is well separated from all other clusters should have many points with small shadow values.

The silhouette value of a data point is defined as the scaled difference between the average dissimilarity of a point to all points in its own cluster to the smallest average dissimilarity to the points of a different cluster. Large silhouette values indicate good separation.

The main difference between silhouette values and shadow values is that we replace average dissimilarities to points in a cluster by dissimilarities to point averages (=centroids). See Leisch (2009) for details.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. Neighborhood graphs, stripes and shadow plots for cluster visualization. Statistics and Computing, 2009. Accepted for publication on 2009-06-16.

See Also

silhouette

Examples

data(Nclus)
set.seed(1)
c5 <- cclust(Nclus, 5, save.data=TRUE)
c5
plot(c5)

## high shadow values indicate clusters with *bad* separation
shadow(c5)
plot(shadow(c5))

## high Silhouette values indicate clusters with *good* separation
Silhouette(c5)
plot(Silhouette(c5))

---

Shadow Stars

Description

Shadow star plots and corresponding panel functions.

Usage

shadowStars(object, which=1:2, project=NULL,
            width=1, varwidth=FALSE,
            panel=panelShadowStripes,
            box=NULL, col=NULL, add=FALSE, ...)

panelShadowStripes(x, col, ...)
panelShadowViolin(x, ...)
panelShadowBP(x, ...)
panelShadowSkeleton(x, ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class "kcca".
which	Index numbers of dimensions of (projected) input space to plot.
project	Projection object for which a predict method exists, e.g., the result of prcomp.
width	Width of vertices connecting the cluster centroids.
varwidth	Logical, shall all vertices have the same width or should the width be proportional to number of points shown on the vertex?
panel	Function used to draw vertices.
box	Color of rectangle drawn around each vertex.
col	A vector of colors for the clusters.
add	Logical, start a new plot?
...	Passed on to panel function.
x	Shadow values of data points corresponding to the vertex.

Details

The shadow value of each data point is defined as twice the distance to the closest centroid divided by the sum of distances to closest and second-closest centroid. If the shadow values of a point is close to 0, then the point is close to its cluster centroid. If the shadow value is close to 1, it is almost equidistant to the two centroids. Thus, a cluster that is well separated from all other clusters should have many points with small shadow values.

The neighborhood graph of a cluster solution connects two centroids by a vertex if at least one data point has the two centroids as closest and second closest. The width of the vertex is proportional to the sum of shadow values of all points having these two as closest and second closest. A shadow star depicts the distribution of shadow values on the vertex, see Leisch (2009) for details.

Currently four panel functions are available:

panelShadowStripes:

line segment for each shadow value.

panelShadowViolin:

violin plot of shadow values.

panelShadowBP:

box-percentile plot of shadow values.

panelShadowSkeleton:

average shadow value.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. Neighborhood graphs, stripes and shadow plots for cluster visualization. Statistics and Computing, 2009. Accepted for publication on 2009-06-16.

See Also

shadow

Examples

data(Nclus)
set.seed(1)
c5 <- cclust(Nclus, 5, save.data=TRUE)
c5
plot(c5)

shadowStars(c5)
shadowStars(c5, varwidth=TRUE)

shadowStars(c5, panel=panelShadowViolin)
shadowStars(c5, panel=panelShadowBP)

## always use varwidth=TRUE with panelShadowSkeleton, otherwise a few
## large shadow values can lead to misleading results:
shadowStars(c5, panel=panelShadowSkeleton)
shadowStars(c5, panel=panelShadowSkeleton, varwidth=TRUE)

---

Segment Level Stability Across Solutions Plot.

Description

Create a segment level stability across solutions plot, possibly using an additional variable for coloring the nodes.

Usage

slsaplot(object, nodecol = NULL, ...)

Arguments

object	An object returned by stepFlexclust.
nodecol	A numeric vector of length equal to the number of observations clustered in object which represents an additional variable where a cluster-specific mean is calculated and used to color the nodes.
...	Additional graphical parameters to modify the plot.

Details

For more details see Dolnicar and Leisch (2017) and Dolnicar et al. (2018).

Value

List of length equal to the number of different cluster solutions minus one containing numeric vectors of the entropy values used by default to color the nodes.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Dolnicar S. and Leisch F. (2017) "Using Segment Level Stability to Select Target Segments in Data-Driven Market Segmentation Studies" Marketing Letters, 28 (3), pp. 423–436.

Dolnicar S., Gruen B., and Leisch F. (2018) Market Segmentation Analysis: Understanding It, Doing It, and Making It Useful. Springer Singapore.

See Also

stepFlexclust, relabel, slswFlexclust

Examples

data("Nclus")
cl25 <- stepFlexclust(Nclus, k=2:5)
slsaplot(cl25)
cl25 <- relabel(cl25)
slsaplot(cl25)

---

Segment Level Stability Within Solution.

Description

Assess segment level stability within solution.

Usage

slswFlexclust(x, object, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'resampleFlexclust,missing'
plot(x, y, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'resampleFlexclust'
boxplot(x, which=1, ylab=NULL, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'resampleFlexclust'
densityplot(x, data, which=1, ...)
## S4 method for signature 'resampleFlexclust'
summary(object)

Arguments

x	A numeric matrix of data, or an object that can be coerced to such a matrix (such as a numeric vector or a data frame with all numeric columns) passed to stepFlexclust.
object	Object of class "kcca" for slwsFlexclust and "resampleFlexclust" for the summary method.
y	Missing.
which	Integer or character indicating which validation measure is used for plotting.
ylab	Axis label.
data	Not used.
...	Additional arguments; for details see below.

Details

Additional arguments in slswFlexclust are argument nsamp which is by default equal to 100 and allows to change the number of bootstrap pairs drawn. Argument seed allows to set a random seed and argument multicore is by default TRUE and indicates if bootstrap samples should be drawn in parallel. Argument verbose is by default equal to FALSE and if TRUE progress information is shown during computations.

There are plotting as well as printing and summary methods implemented for objects of class "resampleFlexclust". In addition to a standard plot method also methods for densityplot and boxplot are provided.

For more details see Dolnicar and Leisch (2017) and Dolnicar et al. (2018).

Value

An object of class "resampleFlexclust".

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Dolnicar S. and Leisch F. (2017) "Using Segment Level Stability to Select Target Segments in Data-Driven Market Segmentation Studies" Marketing Letters, 28 (3), pp. 423–436.

Dolnicar S., Gruen B., and Leisch F. (2018) Market Segmentation Analysis: Understanding It, Doing It, and Making It Useful. Springer Singapore.

See Also

slsaplot

Examples

data("Nclus")
cl3 <- kcca(Nclus, k = 3)
slsw.cl3 <- slswFlexclust(Nclus, cl3, nsamp = 20)
plot(Nclus, col = clusters(cl3))
plot(slsw.cl3)
densityplot(slsw.cl3)
boxplot(slsw.cl3)

---

Run Flexclust Algorithms Repeatedly

Description

Runs clustering algorithms repeatedly for different numbers of clusters and returns the minimum within cluster distance solution for each.

Usage

stepFlexclust(x, k, nrep=3, verbose=TRUE, FUN = kcca, drop=TRUE,
              group=NULL, simple=FALSE, save.data=FALSE, seed=NULL,
              multicore=TRUE, ...)

stepcclust(...)

## S4 method for signature 'stepFlexclust,missing'
plot(x, y,
  type=c("barplot", "lines"), totaldist=NULL,
  xlab=NULL, ylab=NULL, ...)

## S4 method for signature 'stepFlexclust'
getModel(object, which=1)

Arguments

x, ...	Passed to kcca or cclust.
k	A vector of integers passed in turn to the k argument of kcca
nrep	For each value of k run kcca nrep times and keep only the best solution.
FUN	Cluster function to use, typically kcca or cclust.
verbose	If TRUE, show progress information during computations.
drop	If TRUE and K is of length 1, then a single cluster object is returned instead of a "stepFlexclust" object.
group	An optional grouping vector for the data, see kcca for details.
simple	Return an object of class "kccasimple"?
save.data	Save a copy of x in the return object?
seed	If not NULL, a call to set.seed() is made before any clustering is done.
multicore	If TRUE, use mclapply() from package parallel for parallel processing.
y	Not used.
type	Create a barplot or lines plot.
totaldist	Include value for 1-cluster solution in plot? Default is TRUE if K contains 2, else FALSE.
xlab, ylab	Graphical parameters.
object	Object of class "stepFlexclust".
which	Number of model to get. If character, interpreted as number of clusters.

Details

stepcclust is a simple wrapper for stepFlexclust(...,FUN=cclust).

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

Examples

data("Nclus")
plot(Nclus)

## multicore off for CRAN checks
cl1 <- stepFlexclust(Nclus, k=2:7, FUN=cclust, multicore=FALSE)
cl1

plot(cl1)

# two ways to do the same:
getModel(cl1, 4)
cl1[[4]]

opar <- par("mfrow")
par(mfrow=c(2, 2))
for(k in 3:6){
  image(getModel(cl1, as.character(k)), data=Nclus)
  title(main=paste(k, "clusters"))
}
par(opar)

---

Stripes Plot

Description

Plot distance of data points to cluster centroids using stripes.

Usage

stripes(object, groups=NULL, type=c("first", "second", "all"),
        beside=(type!="first"), col=NULL, gp.line=NULL, gp.bar=NULL,
        gp.bar2=NULL, number=TRUE, legend=!is.null(groups),
        ylim=NULL, ylab="distance from centroid",
        margins=c(2,5,3,2), ...)

Arguments

object	An object of class "kcca".
groups	Grouping variable to color-code the stripes. By default cluster membership is used as groups.
type	Plot distance to closest, closest and second-closest or to all centroids?
beside	Logical, make different stripes for different clusters?
col	Vector of colors for clusters or groups.
gp.line, gp.bar, gp.bar2	Graphical parameters for horizontal lines and background rectangular areas, see gpar.
number	Logical, write cluster numbers on x-axis?
legend	Logical, plot a legend for the groups?
ylim, ylab	Graphical parameters for y-axis.
margins	Margin of the plot.
...	Further graphical parameters.

Details

A simple, yet very effective plot for visualizing the distance of each point from its closest and second-closest cluster centroids is a stripes plot. For each of the k clusters we have a rectangular area, which we optionally vertically divide into k smaller rectangles (beside=TRUE). Then we draw a horizontal line segment for each data point marking the distance of the data point from the corresponding centroid.

Author(s)

Friedrich Leisch

References

Friedrich Leisch. Neighborhood graphs, stripes and shadow plots for cluster visualization. Statistics and Computing, 20(4), 457–469, 2010.

Examples

bw05 <- bundestag(2005)
bavaria <- bundestag(2005, state="Bayern")

set.seed(1)
c4 <- cclust(bw05, k=4, save.data=TRUE)
plot(c4)

stripes(c4)
stripes(c4, beside=TRUE)

stripes(c4, type="sec")
stripes(c4, type="sec", beside=FALSE)
stripes(c4, type="all")

stripes(c4, groups=bavaria)

## ugly, but shows how colors of all parts can be changed
library("grid")
stripes(c4, type="all",
        gp.bar=gpar(col="red", lwd=3, fill="white"),
        gp.bar2=gpar(col="green", lwd=3, fill="black"))

---

Vacation Motives of Australians

Description

In 2006 a sample of 1000 respondents representative for the adult Australian population was asked about their environmental behaviour when on vacation. In addition the survey also included a list of statements about vacation motives like "I want to rest and relax," "I use my holiday for the health and beauty of my body," and "Cultural offers and sights are a crucial factor.". Answers are binary ("applies", "does not apply").

Usage

data(vacmot)

Format

Data frame vacmot has 1000 observations on 20 binary variables on travel motives. Data frame vacmotdesc has 1000 observation on sociodemographic descriptor variables, mean moral obligation to protect the environment score, mean NEP score, and mean environmental behaviour score, see Dolnicar & Leisch (2008) for details. In addition integer vector vacmot6 contains the 6 cluster partition presented in Dolnicar & Leisch (2008).

Source

The data set was collected by the Institute for Innovation in Business and Social Research, University of Wollongong (NSW, Australia).

References

Sara Dolnicar and Friedrich Leisch. An investigation of tourists' patterns of obligation to protect the environment. Journal of Travel Research, 46:381-391, 2008.

Sara Dolnicar and Friedrich Leisch. Using graphical statistics to better understand market segmentation solutions. International Journal of Market Research, 56(2):97-120, 2014.

Examples

data(vacmot)
summary(vacmotdesc)
dotchart(sort(colMeans(vacmot)))

## reproduce Figure 6 from Dolnicar & Leisch (2008)
cl6 <- kcca(vacmot, k=vacmot6, control=list(iter=0))
barchart(cl6)

---

Motivation of Australian Volunteers

Description

Part of an Australian survey on motivation of volunteers to work for non-profit organisations like Red Cross, State Emergency Service, Rural Fire Service, Surf Life Saving, Rotary, Parents and Citizens Associations, etc..

Usage

data(volunteers)

Format

A data frame with 1415 observations on the following 21 variables: age and gender of respondents plus 19 binary motivation items (1 applies/ 0 does not apply).

GENDER

Gender of respondent.

AGEG

Age group, a factor with categorized age of respondents.

meet.people

I can meet different types of people.

no.one.else

There is no-one else to do the work.

example

It sets a good example for others.

socialise

I can socialise with people who are like me.

help.others

It gives me the chance to help others.

give.back

I can give something back to society.

career

It will help my career prospects.

lonely

It makes me feel less lonely.

active

It keeps me active.

community

It will improve my community.

cause

I can support an important cause.

faith

I can put faith into action.

services

I want to maintain services that I may use one day.

children

My children are involved with the organisation.

good.job

I feel like I am doing a good job.

benefited

I know someone who has benefited from the organisation.

network

I can build a network of contacts.

recognition

I can gain recognition within the community.

mind.off

It takes my mind off other things.

Source

The volunteering data was collected by the Institute for Innovation in Business and Social Research, University of Wollongong (NSW, Australia), using funding from Bushcare Wollongong and the Australian Research Council under the ARC Linkage Grant scheme (LP0453682).

References

Melanie Randle and Sara Dolnicar. Not Just Any Volunteers: Segmenting the Market to Attract the High-Contributors. Journal of Non-profit and Public Sector Marketing, 21(3), 271-282, 2009.

Melanie Randle and Sara Dolnicar. Self-congruity and volunteering: A multi-organisation comparison. European Journal of Marketing, 45(5), 739-758, 2011.

Melanie Randle, Friedrich Leisch, and Sara Dolnicar. Competition or collaboration? The effect of non-profit brand image on volunteer recruitment strategy. Journal of Brand Management, 20(8):689-704, 2013.

---