Cheat Sheet

Troubleshooting

When you don’t see any > at the bottom of your console, hitting escape might help. If it doesn’t, clicking the stop sign in the top right corner of the console might help.

You will be able to solve any other problem when you google it.

Shortcuts

Shortcut Result
Alt + - <-
Ctrl+ Enter Run selected code from Script
Enter Run line of code in Console

Useful packages

  • dplyr
  • olsrr
  • ggplot2
  • vegan
  • betapart
  • FD

Useful functions

Packages

  • install.packages() - only needs to happen once
  • library() - needs to happen every session

Loading data

  • data() - loading data from package
  • read.csv() - loading data form .csv file. If your data is not displayed as separate columns, explore the use of the sep and dec arguments.

Examining objects

  • class()
  • str()
  • length()
  • dim()
  • summary()
  • head()
  • tail()
  • names() or colnames()
  • ncol()and nrow()
  • levels()

Checking for special values

  • is.na()
  • anyNA()
  • is.nan()
  • is.infinite()

Creating objects

  • c()
  • vector()
  • matrix()
  • list()
  • data.frame()
  • cbind() and rbind()

Selecting subsets of objects

When a is a data.frame

  • a$plot - selects the column from a which is called “plot”
  • a[,"plot"] - selects the column from a which is called “plot”
  • a[1,2] - selects the value at the first row, second column
  • a[,2] - selects the second column as a numeric vector
  • a[1,] - selects the first row as a numeric vector
  • a[2] - selects the second column as a data frame

Visualisation

  • plot()
  • points()
  • lines()
  • pairs()
  • hist()
  • boxplots()
  • par()

Iterating

  • apply()

Diversity analysis

  • specnumber()
  • diversity()
  • tsallis()
  • specpool()
  • specaccum()
  • betadiver()
  • beta.pair()
  • beta.multi()