Package 'cccrm'

Title: Concordance Correlation Coefficient for Repeated (and Non-Repeated) Measures
Description: Estimates the Concordance Correlation Coefficient to assess agreement. The scenarios considered are non-repeated measures, non-longitudinal repeated measures (replicates) and longitudinal repeated measures. It also includes the estimation of the one-way intraclass correlation coefficient also known as reliability index. The estimation approaches implemented are variance components and U-statistics approaches. Description of methods can be found in Fleiss (1986) <doi:10.1002/9781118032923> and Carrasco et al. (2013) <doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.09.002>.
Authors: Josep Lluis Carrasco <[email protected]>
Maintainer: Josep Lluis Carrasco <[email protected]>
License: GPL (>= 2)
Version: 2.2.2
Built: 2024-07-10 06:09:01 UTC
Source: CRAN

Help Index


Blood draw data

Description

Plasma cortisol area under curve (AUC) was calculated from the trapezoidal rule over the 12-h period of the hourly blood draws. The subjects were required to repeat the process in five visits. The aim of the agreement study was to assess how well the plasma cortisol AUC from hourly measurements agreed with plasma cortisol AUC that was measured every two hours.

Usage

data("bdaw")

References

King, TS; Chinchilli, VM: Carrasco, JL. (2007). A repeated measures concordance correlation coefficient, Statistics in Medicine 26, 3095-3113.


Body fat data

Description

Percentage body fat was estimated from skinfold calipers and DEXA on a cohort of 90 adolescent girls. Skinfold caliper and DEXA measurements were taken at ages 12.5, 13 and 13.5. The objective was to determine the amount of agreement between the skinfold caliper and DEXA measurements of percentage body fat.

Usage

data("bfat")

References

King, TS; Chinchilli, VM: Carrasco, JL. (2007). A repeated measures concordance correlation coefficient, Statistics in Medicine 26, 3095-3113.


Blood pressure data

Description

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured in a sample of 384 subjects using a handle mercury sphyg momanometer device and an automatic device. The blood pressure was simultaneously measured twice by each instrument, thus every subject had four measurements, two by each method.

Usage

data("bpres")

References

Carrasco, JL; Jover, L. (2003). Estimating the generalized concordance correlation coefficient through variance components. Biometrics, 59, 849:858.


Concordance Correlation Coefficient for longitudinal repeated measures estimated by variance components

Description

Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measurements using the variance components from a linear mixed model. The appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient is used as estimator of the concordance correlation coefficient.

Usage

ccclon(dataset, ry, rind, rtime, rmet, covar = NULL, rho = 0, cl = 0.95,
control.lme=list())

Arguments

dataset

An object of class data.frame.

ry

Character string. Name of the outcome in the data set.

rind

Character string. Name of the subject variable in the data set.

rtime

Character string. Name of the time variable in the data set.

rmet

Character string. Name of the method variable in the data set.

covar

Character vector. Name of covariables to include in the linear mixed model as fixed effects.

rho

Within subject correlation structure. A value of 0 (default option) stands for compound simmetry and 1 is used for autoregressive of order 1 structure.

cl

Confidence level.

control.lme

A list of control values for the estimation algorithm used in lme function. For further details see lme help.

Details

The concordance correlation coefficient is estimated using the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (see Carrasco et al, 2009; Carrasco et al, 2013). The variance components estimates are obtained from a linear mixed model (LMM) estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. The function lme from package nlme (Pinheiro et al., 2021) is used to estimate the LMM. The standard error of CCC is computed using an Taylor's series expansion of 1st order (Ver Hoef, 2012). Confidence interval is built by applying the Fisher's Z-transformation.

Value

An object of class ccc. Generic function summary show a summary of the results. The output is a list with the following components:

ccc

Concordance Correlation Coefficient estimate

model

nlme object with the fitted linear mixed model

vc

Variance components estimates

sigma

Variance components asymptotic covariance matrix

Author(s)

Josep Puig-Martinez and Josep L. Carrasco

References

Carrasco, JL; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2009). The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures estimated by variance components. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 19, 90:105.

Carrasco, JL; Phillips, BR; Puig-Martinez, J; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2013). Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures using SAS and R. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 109, 293-304.

Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2021). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-152, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.

Ver Hoef, J.M. (2012) Who Invented the Delta Method?, The American Statistician, 66:2, 124-127.

See Also

ccclonw

Examples

data(bdaw)
estccc<-ccclon(bdaw,"AUC","SUBJ","VNUM","MET")
estccc
summary(estccc)

Weighted Concordance Correlation Coefficient for longitudinal repeated measures estimated by variance components

Description

Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for repeated measurements using the variance components from a linear mixed model. The appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient is used as estimator of the concordance correlation coefficient. Weights are assigned to repeated measurements in the CCC computation process.

Usage

ccclonw(dataset, ry, rind, rtime, rmet, vecD, covar = NULL, rho = 0, cl = 0.95, 
control.lme=list())

Arguments

dataset

an object of class data.frame.

ry

Character string. Name of the outcome in the data set.

rind

Character string. Name of the subject variable in the data set.

rtime

Character string. Name of the time variable in the data set.

rmet

Character string. Name of the method variable in the data set.

vecD

Vector of weigths. The length of the vector must be the same as the number of repeated measures.

covar

Character vector. Name of covariables to include in the linear mixed model as fixed effects.

rho

Within subject correlation structure. A value of 0 (default option) stands for compound simmetry and 1 is used for autoregressive of order 1 structure.

cl

Confidence level.

control.lme

A list of control values for the estimation algorithm used in lme function. For further details see lme help.

Details

The concordance correlation coefficient is estimated using the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient which expression is modified accordingly to assign different weights to each repeated measurement (see Carrasco et al, 2009; Carrasco et al, 2013). The variance components estimates are obtained from a linear mixed model (LMM) estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. The function lme from package nlme (Pinheiro et al., 2021) is used to estimate the LMM. The standard error of CCC is computed using an Taylor's series expansion of 1st order (Ver Hoef, 2012). Confidence interval is built by applying the Fisher's Z-transformation.

Value

An object of class ccc. Generic function summary show a summary of the results. The output is a list with the following components:

ccc

Concordance Correlation Coefficient estimate

model

nlme object with the fitted linear mixed model

vc

Variance components estimates

sigma

Variance components asymptotic covariance matrix

Author(s)

Josep Puig-Martinez and Josep L. Carrasco

References

Carrasco, JL; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2009). The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures estimated by variance components. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 19, 90:105.

Carrasco, JL; Phillips, BR; Puig-Martinez, J; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2013). Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures using SAS and R. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 109, 293-304.

Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2021). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-152, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.

Ver Hoef, J.M. (2012) Who Invented the Delta Method?, The American Statistician, 66:2, 124-127.

See Also

ccclon

Examples

data(bfat)
estccc<-ccclonw(bfat,"BF","SUBJECT","VISITNO","MET",vecD=c(2,1,1))
estccc
summary(estccc)

Repeated Measures Concordance Correlation Coefficient estimated by U-statistics

Description

Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measurements using the U-statistics approach. The function is also applicable for the non-repeated measurements scenario.

Usage

cccUst(dataset, ry, rmet, rtime = NULL, Dmat = NULL, delta = 1, cl = 0.95)

Arguments

dataset

An object of class data.frame.

ry

Character string. Name of the outcome in the data set.

rmet

Character string. Name of the method variable in the data set.

rtime

Character string. Name of the time variable in the data set.

Dmat

Matrix of weights.

delta

Power of the differences. A value of 0 provides an estimate that is comparable to a repeated measures version of kappa index.

cl

Confidence level.

Value

A vector that includes the point estimate, confidence interval and standard error of the CCC. Additionally the Fisher's Z-transformation value and its standard error are also provided.

Author(s)

Josep Puig-Martinez and Josep L. Carrasco

References

King, TS and Chinchilli, VM. (2001). A generalized concordance correlation coefficient for continuous and categorical data. Statistics in Medicine, 20, 2131:2147.

King, TS; Chinchilli, VM; Carrasco, JL. (2007). A repeated measures concordance correlation coefficient. Statistics in Medicine, 26, 3095:3113.

Carrasco, JL; Phillips, BR; Puig-Martinez, J; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2013). Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures using SAS and R. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 109, 293-304.

Examples

# Non-longitudinal scenario
data(bpres)
newdat=bpres[bpres$NM==1,]
estccc=cccUst(newdat,"DIA","METODE")
estccc

# Longitudinal scenario
data(bdaw)
estccc=cccUst(bdaw,"AUC","MET","VNUM")
estccc

# Weighted CCC
data(bfat)
estccc=cccUst(bfat,"BF","MET","VISITNO",Dmat=diag(c(2,1,1)))
estccc

Concordance Correlation Coefficient estimated by Variance Components

Description

Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for non-repeated measurements and non-longitudinal repeated measurements (replicates) using the variance components from a linear mixed model. The appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient is used as estimator of the concordance correlation coefficient.

Usage

cccvc(dataset, ry, rind, rmet, covar = NULL, int = FALSE, cl=0.95, control.lme=list())

Arguments

dataset

an object of class data.frame.

ry

Character string. Name of the outcome in the data set.

rind

Character string. Name of the subject variable in the data set.

rmet

Character string. Name of the method variable in the data set.

covar

Character vector. Name of covariables to include in the linear mixed model as fixed effects.

int

Boolean indicating if the subject-method interaction has to be included in the model

cl

Confidence level.

control.lme

A list of control values for the estimation algorithm used in lme function. For further details see lme help.

Details

The concordance correlation coefficient is estimated using the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (see Carrasco and Jover, 2003; Carrasco et al., 2009; Carrasco et al, 2013). The scenarios considered are non-repeated measurements (only one measurement by subject and method) and non-longitudinal repeated measurements, i.e. replicates (multiple measurements by subject and method). The variance components estimates are obtained from a linear mixed model (LMM) estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. The function lme from package nlme (Pinheiro et al., 2021) is used to estimate the LMM. The standard error of CCC is computed using an Taylor's series expansion of 1st order (Ver Hoef, 2012). Confidence interval is built by applying the Fisher's Z-transformation.

Value

An object of class ccc. Generic function summary show a summary of the results. The output is a list with the following components:

ccc

Concordance Correlation Coefficient estimate

model

nlme object with the fitted linear mixed model

vc

Variance components estimates

sigma

Variance components asymptotic covariance matrix

Author(s)

Josep Puig-Martinez and Josep L. Carrasco

References

Carrasco, JL; Jover, L. (2003). Estimating the generalized concordance correlation coefficient through variance components. Biometrics, 59, 849:858.

Carrasco, JL; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2009). The concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures estimated by variance components. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 19, 90:105.

Carrasco, JL; Phillips, BR; Puig-Martinez, J; King, TS; Chinchilli, VM. (2013). Estimation of the concordance correlation coefficient for repeated measures using SAS and R. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 109, 293-304.

Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2021). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-152, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.

Ver Hoef, J.M. (2012) Who Invented the Delta Method?, The American Statistician, 66:2, 124-127.

Examples

data(bpres)

# Scenario 1. 
#Only 1 measure by subject and method. 
#No subject-method interaction included in the model.

newdat=bpres[bpres$NM==1,]
estccc=cccvc(newdat,"DIA","ID","METODE")
estccc
summary(estccc)

# Scenario 2. 
#Two measures by subject and method. 
#No subject-method interaction included in the model.

estccc=cccvc(bpres,"DIA","ID","METODE")
estccc
summary(estccc)

Intraclass correlation coefficient

Description

Estimates the one-way intraclass correlation coefficient using the variance components from a linear mixed model.

Usage

icc(dataset, ry, rind, covar = NULL, cl=0.95, control.lme=list())

Arguments

dataset

an object of class data.frame.

ry

Character string. Name of the outcome in the data set.

rind

Character string. Name of the subject variable in the data set.

covar

Character vector. Name of covariables to include in the linear mixed model as fixed effects.

cl

Confidence level.

control.lme

A list of control values for the estimation algorithm used in lme function. For further details see lme help.

Details

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (Fleiss, 1986) is estimated using a linear mixed model with subjects (cluster) random effect and random error as components. The effects are assumed to follow Normal distributions with variances Sa and Se respectively. The expression of the ICC is Sa/(Sa+Se)Sa/(Sa + Se). This intraclass correlation coefficient is also known as reliability index. The variance components estimates are obtained from a linear mixed model (LMM) estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. The function lme from package nlme (Pinheiro et al., 2021) is used to estimate the LMM. The standard error of CCC is computed using an Taylor's series expansion of 1st order (Ver Hoef, 2012). Confidence interval is built by applying the Fisher's Z-transformation.

Value

An object of class icc. Generic function summary show a summary of the results. The output is a list with the following components:

icc

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient estimate

model

nlme object with the fitted linear mixed model

vc

Variance components estimates

sigma

Variance components asymptotic covariance matrix

Author(s)

Josep L. Carrasco

References

Fleiss, JL. (1986). Reliability of Measurement in *Design and analysis of clinical experiments*. New York:Wiley.

Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, R Core Team (2021). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-152, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.

Ver Hoef, J.M. (2012) Who Invented the Delta Method?, The American Statistician, 66:2, 124-127.

Examples

data(bpres)
 
# Reliability of method 1 

newdat=bpres[(bpres$METODE==1),]
est=icc(newdat,"DIA","ID")
est
summary(est)

# Reliability of method 2 

newdat=bpres[(bpres$METODE==2),]
est=icc(newdat,"DIA","ID")
est
summary(est)