---
title: "causalDisco"
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{causalDisco}
  %\VignetteEngine{quarto::html}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
knitr:
  opts_chunk:
    collapse: true
    comment: "#>"
---

```{r}
#| label: setup

library(causalDisco)
```

This vignette provides an overview of the causalDisco package, which offers
tools for causal discovery from observational data. It covers the main features
of the package, including various causal discovery algorithms, knowledge
incorporation, and result visualization.

# Running causal discovery algorithms

We will for this section use the `num_data` dataset included in the package for
demonstrating how to run causal discovery algorithms. It contains 5 numerical
variables, `X1, X2, X3, Z`, and `Y`.

```{r}
#| label: load-data

data(num_data)
head(num_data)
```

To make the different causal graphs easier to interpret, we define a custom
fixed layout for plotting the results:

```{r}
#| label: plot-layout

plot_layout <- data.frame(
  name = c("Z", "X3", "X1", "X2", "Y"),
  x = c(0.00, 0.50, 0.00, 0.50, 0.25),
  y = c(0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0)
)
```

To run a causal discovery algorithm, we first define the algorithm using the
corresponding function, and then pass it to the `disco()` function along with
the data. Below we demonstrate this process using the Peter-Clark (PC) algorithm
from bnlearn with Fisher's Z test:

```{r}
#| label: pc-algorithm-fisher-z-bnlearn

pc_bnlearn <- pc(
  engine = "bnlearn", # Use the bnlearn implementation
  test = "fisher_z", # Use Fisher's Z test for conditional independence
  alpha = 0.05 # Significance level for the test
)
pc_result_bnlearn <- disco(data = num_data, method = pc_bnlearn)
```

We can visualize the results using `plot()`:

```{r}
#| label: pc-algorithm-fisher-z-bnlearn-plot

plot(pc_result_bnlearn, layout = plot_layout, main = "PC Fisher Z (bnlearn)")
```

The first notable feature of this plot is that some edges are directed, while
others are undirected. For example, the edge from `X1` to `Y` is directed,
indicating a causal effect of `X1` on `Y`. In contrast, the edge between `X1`
and `X3` is undirected, indicating that the data alone do not provide sufficient
information to determine the causal direction. Both orientations `X1 %-->% X3`
and `X3 %-->% X1` are compatible with the observed conditional independencies.

To view all engines available for a specific algorithm, you can see the
documentation using `?pc`, where all options are listed under the `engine`
argument. Instead of using bnlearn, we can also use the PC implementation from
the pcalg package with the same test:

```{r}
#| label: pc-algorithm-fisher-z-pcalg

pc_pcalg <- pc(
  engine = "pcalg", # Use the pcalg implementation
  test = "fisher_z", # Use Fisher's Z test for conditional independence
  alpha = 0.05 # Significance level for the test
)
pc_result_pcalg <- disco(data = num_data, method = pc_pcalg)
plot(pc_result_pcalg, layout = plot_layout, main = "PC Fisher Z (pcalg)")
```

We see that the results using the PC algorithm implemented in bnlearn and pcalg
give the same output on this dataset.

You can also use a different algorithm altogether, such as the GES algorithm. It
follows the same pattern, however GES is a score-based algorithm, so instead of
a test and an alpha level, we need to specify a score. Below we will use the
Extended Bayesian Information Criterion (EBIC) score from Tetrad.

<details>
<summary>Tetrad Setup Instructions</summary>

causalDisco provides an interface to the Java library [Tetrad](https://github.com/cmu-phil/tetrad) for
causal discovery algorithms. To use algorithms from Tetrad you need to install a Java Development Kit (JDK) >= 21.
We recommend Eclipse Temurin (OpenJDK), available at https://adoptium.net/en-GB/temurin/releases. When using
the installer from the Temurin website, make sure to select the option to set the `JAVA_HOME` environment variable
during installation, so rJava correctly detects the Java installation.

For a simpler setup, we recommend using the rJavaEnv package, which provides a convenient function to install Java and
configure the environment automatically for rJava. You can install Java using the `rJavaEnv::java_quick_install()`
function:

```{r}
#| label: install-rJavaEnv
#| eval: false
# Use the development version of rJavaEnv from GitHub
# pak::pak("e-kotov/rJavaEnv")
rJavaEnv::java_quick_install(version = 25, distribution = "Temurin")
```

Once you have Java JDK set up correctly, the current supported version of Tetrad can then be installed by calling

```{r}
#| label: install-tetrad
#| eval: false
install_tetrad()
```

To verify everything is set up correctly you can run `verify_tetrad()`:

```{r}
#| label: check-tetrad-install
verify_tetrad()
```

Now you should be able to use Tetrad as an engine for the GES algorithm as shown in the code chunk below.

</details>

```{r}
#| label: ges-algorithm-ebic-tetrad

if (verify_tetrad()$installed && verify_tetrad()$java_ok) {
  ges_tetrad <- ges(
    engine = "tetrad", # Use the Tetrad implementation
    score = "ebic" # Use the EBIC score
  )
  ges_result_tetrad <- disco(data = num_data, method = ges_tetrad)
  plot(ges_result_tetrad, layout = plot_layout, main = "GES EBIC (Tetrad)")
}
```

If you want to customize the plot appearance further, you can pass additional
arguments to `plot()`. For example, to change the appearance of the nodes, you
can use the `node_style` argument:

```{r}
#| label: custom-plot

plot(
  pc_result_bnlearn,
  layout = plot_layout,
  main = "Customized plot",
  node_style = list(
    fill = "lightblue", # Fill color
    col = "darkblue", # Border color
    lwd = 2, # Border width
    padding = 4, # Text padding (mm)
    size = 1.2 # Size multiplier
  )
)
```

For more details on customizing plots and generating TikZ code for LaTeX
documents, see the [visualization
article](https://disco-coders.github.io/causalDisco/articles/visualization.html).

Instead of using `plot()`, another way to view and analyze the results is to use
print the object:

```{r}
#| label: view-results

print(pc_result_bnlearn)
```

# Incorporating knowledge

We will for this section use the dataset `tpc_example`, which contains
variables, which are measured at three different life stages: childhood, youth,
and old age.

```{r}
#| label: load-tpc-example-data

data(tpc_example)
head(tpc_example)
```

Since we know the temporal ordering of the variables, we can incorporate this
background knowledge into the causal discovery algorithm. Specifically, we know
that variables measured in childhood cannot be caused by variables measured in
youth or old age, and variables measured in youth cannot be caused by variables
measured in old age.

Knowledge is encoded by creating a `Knowledge` object via the `knowledge()`
function. The first argument (optional, but recommended for name matching)
specifies the dataset. Tiered knowledge can then be defined using the `tier()`
function. Here, we illustrate this by creating a tiered knowledge structure
based on life stages:

```{r}
#| label: prior-knowledge

kn <- knowledge(
  tpc_example,
  tier(
    child ~ c("child_x1", "child_x2"),
    youth ~ starts_with("youth"), # tidyselect helper; equivalent to c("youth_x3", "youth_x4")
    oldage ~ starts_with("oldage")
  )
)
```

For more details on how to define knowledge, see the [knowledge
article](https://disco-coders.github.io/causalDisco/articles/knowledge.html).

You can view the `Knowledge` object using `print()`, `summary()` or `plot()`:

```{r}
#| label: view-knowledge

print(kn)
summary(kn)
plot(kn, main = "Temporal Knowledge")
```

The plot displays vertical tiers, each enclosed in a shaded rectangle and
labeled with the corresponding tier name at the top.

We can then incorporate this knowledge into any algorithm like above. To do so,
you need to pass the `Knowledge` object as an argument to the `disco()`
function. Here we use the Temporal Peter-Clark (tpc) algorithm from causalDisco
with the regression-based information loss test:

```{r}
#| label: tpc-algorithm-with-knowledge

tpc_method <- tpc(
  engine = "causalDisco", # Use the causalDisco implementation
  test = "reg" # Use the regression-based information loss test
)
tpc_result <- disco(data = tpc_example, method = tpc_method, knowledge = kn)
```

Similarly, we can view the results using `print()`, `summary()` or `plot()`:

```{r}
#| label: view-tpc-results

print(tpc_result)
summary(tpc_result)
plot(tpc_result, main = "TPC reg_test with Temporal Knowledge (causalDisco)")
```

Like before, the tiered knowledge is reflected in the plot layout, with
variables grouped by life stage. Additionally, you can customize the plot
appearance further by passing additional arguments to `plot()`.

# Next steps

For more information about how to incorporate knowledge, see the [knowledge
article](https://disco-coders.github.io/causalDisco/articles/knowledge.html).

For more information about causal discovery, see the [causal discovery
article](https://disco-coders.github.io/causalDisco/articles/causal-discovery.html).

For more information about visualization options, see the [visualization
article](https://disco-coders.github.io/causalDisco/articles/visualization.html).