Package 'bayesm'

Title: Bayesian Inference for Marketing/Micro-Econometrics
Description: Covers many important models used in marketing and micro-econometrics applications. The package includes: Bayes Regression (univariate or multivariate dep var), Bayes Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), Binary and Ordinal Probit, Multinomial Logit (MNL) and Multinomial Probit (MNP), Multivariate Probit, Negative Binomial (Poisson) Regression, Multivariate Mixtures of Normals (including clustering), Dirichlet Process Prior Density Estimation with normal base, Hierarchical Linear Models with normal prior and covariates, Hierarchical Linear Models with a mixture of normals prior and covariates, Hierarchical Multinomial Logits with a mixture of normals prior and covariates, Hierarchical Multinomial Logits with a Dirichlet Process prior and covariates, Hierarchical Negative Binomial Regression Models, Bayesian analysis of choice-based conjoint data, Bayesian treatment of linear instrumental variables models, Analysis of Multivariate Ordinal survey data with scale usage heterogeneity (as in Rossi et al, JASA (01)), Bayesian Analysis of Aggregate Random Coefficient Logit Models as in BLP (see Jiang, Manchanda, Rossi 2009) For further reference, consult our book, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby and McCulloch (Wiley first edition 2005 and second forthcoming) and Bayesian Non- and Semi-Parametric Methods and Applications (Princeton U Press 2014).
Authors: Peter Rossi <[email protected]>
Maintainer: Peter Rossi <[email protected]>
License: GPL (>= 2)
Version: 3.1-6
Built: 2024-11-17 07:00:25 UTC
Source: CRAN

Help Index

Bank Card Conjoint Data

Description

A panel dataset from a conjoint experiment in which two partial profiles of credit cards were presented to 946 respondents from a regional bank wanting to offer credit cards to customers outside of its normal operating region. Each respondent was presented with between 13 and 17 paired comparisons. The bank and attribute levels are disguised to protect the proprietary interests of the cooperating firm.

Usage

data(bank)

Format

The bank object is a list containing two data frames. The first, choiceAtt, provides choice attributes for the partial credit card profiles. The second, demo, provides demographic information on the respondents.

Details

In the choiceAtt data frame:

...$id respondent id
...$choice profile chosen
...$Med_FInt medium fixed interest rate
...$Low_FInt low fixed interest rate
...$Med_VInt variable interest rate
...$Rewrd_2 reward level 2
...$Rewrd_3 reward level 3
...$Rewrd_4 reward level 4
...$Med_Fee medium annual fee level
...$Low_Fee low annual fee level
...$Bank_B bank offering the credit card
...$Out_State location of the bank offering the credit card
...$Med_Rebate medium rebate level
...$High_Rebate high rebate level
...$High_CredLine high credit line level
...$Long_Grace grace period

The profiles are coded as the difference in attribute levels. Thus, that a "-1" means the profile coded as a choice of "0" has the attribute. A value of 0 means that the attribute was not present in the comparison.

In the demo data frame:

...$id respondent id
...$age respondent age in years
...$income respondent income category
...$gender female=1

Source

Allenby, Gregg and James Ginter (1995), "Using Extremes to Design Products and Segment Markets," Journal of Marketing Research, 392–403.

References

Appendix A, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(bank)
cat(" table of Binary Dep Var", fill=TRUE)
print(table(bank$choiceAtt[,2]))
cat(" table of Attribute Variables", fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(bank$choiceAtt[,3:16]), 2, table)
print(mat)
cat(" means of Demographic Variables", fill=TRUE)
mat=apply(as.matrix(bank$demo[,2:3]), 2, mean)
print(mat)

## example of processing for use with rhierBinLogit
if(0) {

  choiceAtt = bank$choiceAtt
  Z = bank$demo
  
  ## center demo data so that mean of random-effects
  ## distribution can be interpreted as the average respondent
  Z[,1] = rep(1,nrow(Z))
  Z[,2] = Z[,2] - mean(Z[,2])
  Z[,3] = Z[,3] - mean(Z[,3])
  Z[,4] = Z[,4] - mean(Z[,4])
  Z = as.matrix(Z)
  
  hh = levels(factor(choiceAtt$id))
  nhh = length(hh)
  lgtdata = NULL
  for (i in 1:nhh) {
    y = choiceAtt[choiceAtt[,1]==hh[i], 2]
    nobs = length(y)
    X = as.matrix(choiceAtt[choiceAtt[,1]==hh[i], c(3:16)])
    lgtdata[[i]] = list(y=y, X=X)
  }
  cat("Finished Reading data", fill=TRUE)
  
  Data = list(lgtdata=lgtdata, Z=Z)
  Mcmc = list(R=10000, sbeta=0.2, keep=20)
  
  set.seed(66)
  out = rhierBinLogit(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)
  
  begin = 5000/20
  summary(out$Deltadraw, burnin=begin)
  summary(out$Vbetadraw, burnin=begin)
  
  ## plotting examples
  if(0){
    
    ## plot grand means of random effects distribution (first row of Delta)
    index = 4*c(0:13)+1
    matplot(out$Deltadraw[,index], type="l", xlab="Iterations/20", ylab="",
            main="Average Respondent Part-Worths")
    
    ## plot hierarchical coefs
    plot(out$betadraw)
    
    ## plot log-likelihood
    plot(out$llike, type="l", xlab="Iterations/20", ylab="", 
         main="Log Likelihood")
  }
}

Posterior Draws from a Univariate Regression with Unit Error Variance

Description

breg makes one draw from the posterior of a univariate regression (scalar dependent variable) given the error variance = 1.0. A natural conjugate (normal) prior is used.

Usage

breg(y, X, betabar, A)

Arguments

y

nx1n x 1 vector of values of dep variable

X

nxkn x k design matrix
betabar

kx1k x 1 vector for the prior mean of the regression coefficients

A

kxkk x k prior precision matrix

Details

model: y=X′β+ey = X'\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,1)N(0,1).
prior: β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1}).

Value

kx1k x 1 vector containing a draw from the posterior distribution

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check theinput arguments for proper dimensions and type. In particular, X must be a matrix. If you have a vector for X, coerce itinto a matrix with one column.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=1000} else {R=10}

## simulate data
set.seed(66)
n = 100
X = cbind(rep(1,n), runif(n)); beta = c(1,2)
y = X %*% beta + rnorm(n)

## set prior
betabar = c(0,0)
A = diag(c(0.05, 0.05))

## make draws from posterior
betadraw = matrix(double(R*2), ncol = 2)
for (rep in 1:R) {betadraw[rep,] = breg(y,X,betabar,A)}

## summarize draws
mat = apply(betadraw, 2, quantile, probs=c(0.01, 0.05, 0.50, 0.95, 0.99))
mat = rbind(beta,mat); rownames(mat)[1] = "beta"
print(mat)

Conjoint Survey Data for Digital Cameras

Description

Panel dataset from a conjoint survey for digital cameras with 332 respondents. Data exclude respondents that always answered none, always picked the same brand, always selected the highest priced offering, or who appeared to be answering randomly.

Usage

data(camera)

Format

A list of lists. Each inner list corresponds to one survey respondent and contains a numeric vector (y) of choice indicators and a numeric matrix (X) of covariates. Each respondent participated in 16 choice scenarios each including 4 camera options (and an outside option) for a total of 80 rows per respondent.

Details

The covariates included in each X matrix are:

...$canon an indicator for brand Canon
...$sony an indicator for brand Sony
...$nikon an indicator for brand Nikon
...$panasonic an indicator for brand Panasonic
...$pixels an indicator for a higher pixel count
...$zoom an indicator for a higher level of zoom
...$video an indicator for the ability to capture video
...$swivel an indicator for a swivel video display
...$wifi an indicator for wifi capability
...$price in hundreds of U.S. dollars

Source

Allenby, Greg, Jeff Brazell, John Howell, and Peter Rossi (2014), "Economic Valuation of Product Features," Quantitative Marketing and Economics 12, 421–456.

Allenby, Greg, Jeff Brazell, John Howell, and Peter Rossi (2014), "Valuation of Patented Product Features," Journal of Law and Economics 57, 629–663.

References

For analysis of a similar dataset, see Case Study 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Obtain A List of Cut-offs for Scale Usage Problems

Description

cgetC obtains a list of censoring points, or cut-offs, used in the ordinal multivariate probit model of Rossi et al (2001). This approach uses a quadratic parameterization of the cut-offs. The model is useful for modeling correlated ordinal data on a scale from 11 to kk with different scale usage patterns.

Usage

cgetC(e, k)

Arguments

e

quadratic parameter (0<0 < e <1< 1)

k

items are on a scale from 1,…,k1,\ldots, k

Value

A vector of k+1k+1 cut-offs.

Warning

This is a utility function which implements no error-checking.

Author(s)

Rob McCulloch and Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA. [email protected].

References

Rossi et al (2001), “Overcoming Scale Usage Heterogeneity,” JASA 96, 20–31.

See Also

rscaleUsage

Examples

cgetC(0.1, 10)

Sliced Cheese Data

Description

Panel data with sales volume for a package of Borden Sliced Cheese as well as a measure of display activity and price. Weekly data aggregated to the "key" account or retailer/market level.

Usage

data(cheese)

Format

A data frame with 5555 observations on the following 4 variables:

...$RETAILER a list of 88 retailers
...$VOLUME unit sales
...$DISP percent ACV on display (a measure of advertising display activity)
...$PRICE in U.S. dollars

Source

Boatwright, Peter, Robert McCulloch, and Peter Rossi (1999), "Account-Level Modeling for Trade Promotion," Journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 1063–1073.

References

Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(cheese)
cat(" Quantiles of the Variables ",fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(cheese[,2:4]), 2, quantile)
print(mat)


## example of processing for use with rhierLinearModel
if(0) {
  retailer = levels(cheese$RETAILER)
  nreg = length(retailer)
  nvar = 3
  regdata = NULL
  for (reg in 1:nreg) {
    y = log(cheese$VOLUME[cheese$RETAILER==retailer[reg]])
    iota = c(rep(1,length(y)))
    X = cbind(iota, cheese$DISP[cheese$RETAILER==retailer[reg]],
      log(cheese$PRICE[cheese$RETAILER==retailer[reg]]))
    regdata[[reg]] = list(y=y, X=X)
  }
  Z = matrix(c(rep(1,nreg)), ncol=1)
  nz = ncol(Z)
  
  
  ## run each individual regression and store results
  lscoef = matrix(double(nreg*nvar), ncol=nvar)
  for (reg in 1:nreg) {
    coef = lsfit(regdata[[reg]]$X, regdata[[reg]]$y, intercept=FALSE)$coef
    if (var(regdata[[reg]]$X[,2])==0) {
      lscoef[reg,1]=coef[1] 
      lscoef[reg,3]=coef[2]
    }
    else {lscoef[reg,]=coef}
  }
  
  R = 2000
  Data = list(regdata=regdata, Z=Z)
  Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1)
  
  set.seed(66)
  out = rhierLinearModel(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)
  
  cat("Summary of Delta Draws", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$Deltadraw)
  cat("Summary of Vbeta Draws", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$Vbetadraw)
  
  # plot hier coefs
  if(0) {plot(out$betadraw)}
}

Cluster Observations Based on Indicator MCMC Draws

Description

clusterMix uses MCMC draws of indicator variables from a normal component mixture model to cluster observations based on a similarity matrix.

Usage

clusterMix(zdraw, cutoff=0.9, SILENT=FALSE, nprint=BayesmConstant.nprint)

Arguments

zdraw

RxnobsR x nobs array of draws of indicators
cutoff

cutoff probability for similarity (def: 0.9)
SILENT

logical flag for silent operation (def: FALSE)
nprint

print every nprint'th draw (def: 100)

Details

Define a similarity matrix, SimSim with Sim[i,j]=1 if observations ii and jj are in same component. Compute the posterior mean of Sim over indicator draws.

Clustering is achieved by two means:

Method A: Find the indicator draw whose similarity matrix minimizes loss(E[Sim]−Sim(z))loss(E[Sim]-Sim(z)), where loss is absolute deviation.

Method B: Define a Similarity matrix by setting any element of E[Sim]=1E[Sim] = 1 if E[Sim]>cutoffE[Sim] > cutoff. Compute the clustering scheme associated with this "windsorized" Similarity matrix.

Value

A list containing:

clustera:

indicator function for clustering based on method A above
clusterb:

indicator function for clustering based on method B above

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch Chapter 3.

See Also

rnmixGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {

  ## simulate data from mixture of normals
  n = 500
  pvec = c(.5,.5)
  mu1 = c(2,2)
  mu2 = c(-2,-2)
  Sigma1 = matrix(c(1,0.5,0.5,1), ncol=2)
  Sigma2 = matrix(c(1,0.5,0.5,1), ncol=2)
  comps = NULL
  comps[[1]] = list(mu1, backsolve(chol(Sigma1),diag(2)))
  comps[[2]] = list(mu2, backsolve(chol(Sigma2),diag(2)))
  dm = rmixture(n, pvec, comps)
  
  ## run MCMC on normal mixture
  Data = list(y=dm$x)
  ncomp = 2
  Prior = list(ncomp=ncomp, a=c(rep(100,ncomp)))
  R = 2000
  Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1)
  out = rnmixGibbs(Data=Data, Prior=Prior, Mcmc=Mcmc)
  
  ## find clusters
  begin = 500
  end = R
  outclusterMix = clusterMix(out$nmix$zdraw[begin:end,])
  
  
  ## check on clustering versus "truth"
  ## note: there could be switched labels
  table(outclusterMix$clustera, dm$z)
  table(outclusterMix$clusterb, dm$z)
}

Computes Conditional Mean/Var of One Element of MVN given All Others

Description

condMom compute moments of conditional distribution of the iith element of a multivariate normal given all others.

Usage

condMom(x, mu, sigi, i)

Arguments

x

vector of values to condition on; iith element not used

mu

mean vector with length(x) = nn

sigi

inverse of covariance matrix; dimension nxnn x n

i

conditional distribution of iith element

Details

xx ∼\sim MVN(mu,sigi−1)MVN(mu, sigi^{-1}).

condMom computes moments of xix_i given x−ix_{-i}.

Value

A list containing:

cmean

conditional mean

cvar

conditional variance

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

sig  = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=3)
sigi = chol2inv(chol(sig))
mu   = c(1,2,3)
x    = c(1,1,1)

condMom(x, mu, sigi, 2)

Create X Matrix for Use in Multinomial Logit and Probit Routines

Description

createX makes up an X matrix in the form expected by Multinomial Logit (rmnlIndepMetrop and rhierMnlRwMixture) and Probit (rmnpGibbs and rmvpGibbs) routines. Requires an array of alternative-specific variables and/or an array of "demographics" (or variables constant across alternatives) which may vary across choice occasions.

Usage

createX(p, na, nd, Xa, Xd, INT = TRUE, DIFF = FALSE, base=p)

Arguments

p

integer number of choice alternatives

na

integer number of alternative-specific vars in Xa

nd

integer number of non-alternative specific vars

Xa

nxp∗nan x p*na matrix of alternative-specific vars

Xd

nxndn x nd matrix of non-alternative specific vars

INT

logical flag for inclusion of intercepts

DIFF

logical flag for differencing wrt to base alternative

base

integer index of base choice alternative

Note: na, nd, Xa, Xd can be NULL to indicate lack of Xa or Xd variables.

Value

X matrix of dimension n∗(p−DIFF)x[(INT+nd)∗(p−1)+na]n*(p-DIFF) x [(INT+nd)*(p-1) + na].

Note

rmnpGibbs assumes that the base alternative is the default.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmnlIndepMetrop, rmnpGibbs

Examples

na=2; nd=1; p=3
vec = c(1, 1.5, 0.5, 2, 3, 1, 3, 4.5, 1.5)
Xa = matrix(vec, byrow=TRUE, ncol=3)
Xa = cbind(Xa,-Xa)
Xd = matrix(c(-1,-2,-3), ncol=1)
createX(p=p, na=na, nd=nd, Xa=Xa, Xd=Xd)
createX(p=p, na=na, nd=nd, Xa=Xa, Xd=Xd, base=1)
createX(p=p, na=na, nd=nd, Xa=Xa, Xd=Xd, DIFF=TRUE)
createX(p=p, na=na, nd=nd, Xa=Xa, Xd=Xd, DIFF=TRUE, base=2)
createX(p=p, na=na, nd=NULL, Xa=Xa, Xd=NULL)
createX(p=p, na=NULL, nd=nd, Xa=NULL, Xd=Xd)

Customer Satisfaction Data

Description

Responses to a satisfaction survey for a Yellow Pages advertising product. All responses are on a 10 point scale from 1 to 10 (1 is "Poor" and 10 is "Excellent").

Usage

data(customerSat)

Format

A data frame with 1811 observations on the following 10 variables:

...$q1 Overall Satisfaction
...$q2 Setting Competitive Prices
...$q3 Holding Price Increase to a Minimum
...$q4 Appropriate Pricing given Volume
...$q5 Demonstrating Effectiveness of Purchase
...$q6 Reach a Large Number of Customers
...$q7 Reach of Advertising
...$q8 Long-term Exposure
...$q9 Distribution
...$q10 Distribution to Right Geographic Areas

Source

Rossi, Peter, Zvi Gilula, and Greg Allenby (2001), "Overcoming Scale Usage Heterogeneity," Journal of the American Statistical Association 96, 20–31.

References

Case Study 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(customerSat)
apply(as.matrix(customerSat),2,table)
## see also examples for 'rscaleUsage'

Physician Detailing Data

Description

Monthly data on physician detailing (sales calls). 23 months of data for each of 1000 physicians; includes physician covariates.

Usage

data(detailing)

Format

The detailing object is a list containing two data frames, counts and demo.

Details

In the counts data frame:

...$id identifies the physician
...$scrips the number of new presectiptions ordered by the physician for the drug detailed
...$detailing the number of sales called made to each physician per month
...$lagged_scripts scrips value for prior month

In the demo data frame:

...$$id identifies the physician
...$generalphys dummy for if doctor is a "general practitioner"
...$specialist dummy for if the physician is a specialist in the theraputic class for which the drug is intended
...$mean_samples the mean number of free drug samples given the doctor over the sample period

Source

Manchanda, Puneet, Pradeep Chintagunta, and Peter Rossi (2004), "Response Modeling with Non-Random Marketing Mix Variables," Journal of Marketing Research 41, 467–478.

Examples

data(detailing)

cat(" table of Counts Dep Var", fill=TRUE)
print(table(detailing$counts[,2]))

cat(" means of Demographic Variables",fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(detailing$demo[,2:4]), 2, mean)
print(mat)


## example of processing for use with 'rhierNegbinRw'
if(0) {
  data(detailing)
  counts = detailing$counts
  Z = detailing$demo
  
  # Construct the Z matrix
  Z[,1] = 1
  Z[,2] = Z[,2] - mean(Z[,2])
  Z[,3] = Z[,3] - mean(Z[,3])
  Z[,4] = Z[,4] - mean(Z[,4])
  Z = as.matrix(Z)
  id = levels(factor(counts$id))
  nreg = length(id)
  nobs = nrow(counts$id)
  
  regdata = NULL
  for (i in 1:nreg) {
    X = counts[counts[,1] == id[i], c(3:4)]
    X = cbind(rep(1, nrow(X)), X)
    y = counts[counts[,1] == id[i], 2]
    X = as.matrix(X)
    regdata[[i]] = list(X=X, y=y)
  }
  rm(detailing, counts)              
  cat("Finished reading data", fill=TRUE)
  fsh()
  Data = list(regdata=regdata, Z=Z)
  
  nvar = ncol(X)            # Number of X variables
  nz = ncol(Z)              # Number of Z variables
  deltabar = matrix(rep(0,nvar*nz), nrow=nz)
  Vdelta = 0.01*diag(nz)
  nu = nvar+3
  V = 0.01*diag(nvar)
  a = 0.5
  b = 0.1
  Prior = list(deltabar=deltabar, Vdelta=Vdelta, nu=nu, V=V, a=a, b=b)
  
  R = 10000
  keep = 1
  s_beta = 2.93/sqrt(nvar)
  s_alpha = 2.93
  c = 2
  Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=keep, s_beta=s_beta, s_alpha=s_alpha, c=c)
  
  out = rhierNegbinRw(Data, Prior, Mcmc)
  
  ## Unit level mean beta parameters
  Mbeta = matrix(rep(0,nreg*nvar), nrow=nreg)
  ndraws = length(out$alphadraw)
  for (i in 1:nreg) { Mbeta[i,] = rowSums(out$Betadraw[i,,])/ndraws }
  
  cat(" Deltadraws ", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$Deltadraw)
  cat(" Vbetadraws ", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$Vbetadraw)
  cat(" alphadraws ", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$alphadraw)
  
  ## plotting examples
  if(0){
    plot(out$betadraw)
    plot(out$alphadraw)
    plot(out$Deltadraw)
  }
}

Compute Marginal Densities of A Normal Mixture Averaged over MCMC Draws

Description

eMixMargDen assumes that a multivariate mixture of normals has been fitted via MCMC (using rnmixGibbs). For each MCMC draw, eMixMargDen computes the marginal densities for each component in the multivariate mixture on a user-supplied grid and then averages over the MCMC draws.

Usage

eMixMargDen(grid, probdraw, compdraw)

Arguments

grid

array of grid points, grid[,i] are ordinates for ith dimension of the density

probdraw

array where each row contains a draw of probabilities of the mixture component

compdraw

list of lists of draws of mixture component moments

Details

length(compdraw) is the number of MCMC draws.
compdraw[[i]] is a list draws of mu and of the inverse Cholesky root for each of mixture components.
compdraw[[i]][[j]] is jth component.
compdraw[[i]][[j]]$mu is mean vector.
compdraw[[i]][[j]]$rooti is the UL decomp of Σ−1\Sigma^{-1}.

Value

An array of the same dimension as grid with density values.

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type. To avoid errors, call with output from rnmixGibbs.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketingby Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rnmixGibbs

Compute GHK approximation to Multivariate Normal Integrals

Description

ghkvec computes the GHK approximation to the integral of a multivariate normal density over a half plane defined by a set of truncation points.

Usage

ghkvec(L, trunpt, above, r, HALTON=TRUE, pn)

Arguments

L

lower triangular Cholesky root of covariance matrix

trunpt

vector of truncation points
above

vector of indicators for truncation above(1) or below(0) on an element by element basis

r

number of draws to use in GHK

HALTON

if TRUE, uses Halton sequence. If FALSE, uses R::runif random number generator (def: TRUE)
pn

prime number used for Halton sequence (def: the smallest prime numbers, i.e. 2, 3, 5, ...)

Value

Approximation to integral

Note

ghkvec can accept a vector of truncations and compute more than one integral. That is, length(trunpt)/length(above) number of different integrals, each with the same variance and mean 0 but different truncation points. See 'examples' below for an example with two integrals at different truncation points. The above argument specifies truncation from above (1) or below (0) on an element by element basis. Only one vector of above is allowed but multiple truncation points are allowed.

The user can choose between two random number generators for the numerical integration: psuedo-random numbers by R::runif or quasi-random numbers by a Halton sequence. Generally, the quasi-random (Halton) sequence is more uniformly distributed within domain, so it shows lower error and improved convergence than the psuedo-random (runif) sequence (Morokoff and Caflisch, 1995).

For the prime numbers generating Halton sequence, we suggest to use the first smallest prime numbers. Halton (1960) and Kocis and Whiten (1997) prove that their discrepancy measures (how uniformly the sample points are distributed) have the upper bounds, which decrease as the generating prime number decreases.

Note: For a high dimensional integration (10 or more dimension), we suggest use of the psuedo-random number generator (R::runif) because, according to Kocis and Whiten (1997), Halton sequences may be highly correlated when the dimension is 10 or more.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].
Keunwoo Kim, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch, Chapter 2.

For Halton sequence, see Halton (1960, Numerische Mathematik), Morokoff and Caflisch (1995, Journal of Computational Physics), and Kocis and Whiten (1997, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software).

Examples

Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=2)
L = t(chol(Sigma))
trunpt = c(0,0,1,1)
above = c(1,1) 
# here we have a two dimensional integral with two different truncation points
#    (0,0) and (1,1)
# however, there is only one vector of "above" indicators for each integral
#     above=c(1,1) is applied to both integrals.  

# drawn by Halton sequence
ghkvec(L, trunpt, above, r=100)

# use prime number 11 and 13
ghkvec(L, trunpt, above, r=100, HALTON=TRUE, pn=c(11,13))

# drawn by R::runif
ghkvec(L, trunpt, above, r=100, HALTON=FALSE)

Evaluate Log Likelihood for Multinomial Logit Model

Description

llmnl evaluates log-likelihood for the multinomial logit model.

Usage

llmnl(beta, y, X)

Arguments

beta

kx1k x 1 coefficient vector

y

nx1n x 1 vector of obs on y (1,..., p)

X

n∗pxkn*p x k design matrix (use createX to create XX)

Details

Let μi=Xibeta\mu_i = X_i beta, then Pr(yi=j)=exp(μi,j)/∑kexp(μi,k)Pr(y_i=j) = exp(\mu_{i,j}) / \sum_k exp(\mu_{i,k}).
XiX_i is the submatrix of XX corresponding to the iith observation. XX has n∗pn*p rows.

Use createX to create XX.

Value

Value of log-likelihood (sum of log prob of observed multinomial outcomes).

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

createX, rmnlIndepMetrop

Examples

## Not run: ll=llmnl(beta,y,X)

Evaluate Log Likelihood for Multinomial Probit Model

Description

llmnp evaluates the log-likelihood for the multinomial probit model.

Usage

llmnp(beta, Sigma, X, y, r)

Arguments

beta

k x 1 vector of coefficients

Sigma

(p-1) x (p-1) covariance matrix of errors

X

n*(p-1) x k array where X is from differenced system

y

vector of n indicators of multinomial response (1, ..., p)

r

number of draws used in GHK

Details

XX is (p−1)∗nxk(p-1)*n x k matrix. Use createX with DIFF=TRUE to create XX.

Model for each obs: w=Xbeta+ew = Xbeta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,Sigma)N(0,Sigma).

Censoring mechanism:
if y=j(j<p),wj>max(w−j)y=j (j<p), w_j > max(w_{-j}) and wj>0w_j >0
if y=p,w<0y=p, w < 0

To use GHK, we must transform so that these are rectangular regions e.g. if y=1,w1>0y=1, w_1 > 0 and w1−w−1>0w_1 - w_{-1} > 0.

Define AjA_j such that if j=1,…,p−1j=1,\ldots,p-1 then Ajw=Ajmu+Aje>0A_jw = A_jmu + A_je > 0 is equivalent to y=jy=j. Thus, if y=jy=j, we have Aje>−AjmuA_je > -A_jmu. Lower truncation is −Ajmu-A_jmu and cov=AjSigmat(Aj)cov = A_jSigmat(A_j). For j=pj=p, e<−mue < - mu.

Value

Value of log-likelihood (sum of log prob of observed multinomial outcomes)

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapters 2 and 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

createX, rmnpGibbs

Examples

## Not run: ll=llmnp(beta,Sigma,X,y,r)

Evaluate Log Likelihood for non-homothetic Logit Model

Description

llnhlogit evaluates log-likelihood for the Non-homothetic Logit model.

Usage

llnhlogit(theta, choice, lnprices, Xexpend)

Arguments

theta

parameter vector (see details section)

choice

nx1n x 1 vector of choice (1,...,p)

lnprices

nxpn x p array of log-prices
Xexpend

nxdn x d array of vars predicting expenditure

Details

Non-homothetic logit model, Pr(i)=exp(tauvi)/sumjexp(tauvj)Pr(i) = exp(tau v_i) / sum_j exp(tau v_j)

vi=alphai−ekappaStariui−lnpiv_i = alpha_i - e^{kappaStar_i}u^i - lnp_i
tau is the scale parameter of extreme value error distribution.
uiu^i solves ui=psii(ui)E/piu^i = psi_i(u^i)E/p_i.
ln(psii(U))=alphai−ekappaStariUln(psi_i(U)) = alpha_i - e^{kappaStar_i}U.
ln(E)=gamma′Xexpendln(E) = gamma'Xexpend.

Structure of theta vector:
alpha: px1p x 1 vector of utility intercepts.
kappaStar: px1p x 1 vector of utility rotation parms expressed on natural log scale.
gamma: kx1k x 1 – expenditure variable coefs.
tau: 1x11 x 1 – logit scale parameter.

Value

Value of log-likelihood (sum of log prob of observed multinomial outcomes).

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

simnhlogit

Examples

N=1000; p=3; k=1
theta = c(rep(1,p), seq(from=-1,to=1,length=p), rep(2,k), 0.5)
lnprices = matrix(runif(N*p), ncol=p)
Xexpend = matrix(runif(N*k), ncol=k)
simdata = simnhlogit(theta, lnprices, Xexpend)

## evaluate likelihood at true theta
llstar = llnhlogit(theta, simdata$y, simdata$lnprices, simdata$Xexpend)

Compute Log of Inverted Chi-Squared Density

Description

lndIChisq computes the log of an Inverted Chi-Squared Density.

Usage

lndIChisq(nu, ssq, X)

Arguments

nu

d.f. parameter

ssq

scale parameter

X

ordinate for density evaluation (this must be a matrix)

Details

Z=nu∗ssq/χnu2Z = nu*ssq / \chi^2_{nu} with ZZ ∼\sim Inverted Chi-Squared.
lndIChisq computes the complete log-density, including normalizing constants.

Value

Log density value

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

dchisq

Examples

lndIChisq(3, 1, matrix(2))

Compute Log of Inverted Wishart Density

Description

lndIWishart computes the log of an Inverted Wishart density.

Usage

lndIWishart(nu, V, IW)

Arguments

nu

d.f. parameter

V

"location" parameter

IW

ordinate for density evaluation

Details

ZZ ∼\sim Inverted Wishart(nu,V).
In this parameterization, E[Z]=1/(nu−k−1)VE[Z] = 1/(nu-k-1) V, where VV is a kxkk x k matrix
lndIWishart computes the complete log-density, including normalizing constants.

Value

Log density value

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rwishart

Examples

lndIWishart(5, diag(3), diag(3)+0.5)

Compute Log of Multivariate Normal Density

Description

lndMvn computes the log of a Multivariate Normal Density.

Usage

lndMvn(x, mu, rooti)

Arguments

x

density ordinate

mu

mu vector

rooti

inv of upper triangular Cholesky root of Σ\Sigma

Details

zz ∼\sim N(mu,Σ)N(mu,\Sigma)

Value

Log density value

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

lndMvst

Examples

Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=2)
lndMvn(x=c(rep(0,2)), mu=c(rep(0,2)), rooti=backsolve(chol(Sigma),diag(2)))

Compute Log of Multivariate Student-t Density

Description

lndMvst computes the log of a Multivariate Student-t Density.

Usage

lndMvst(x, nu, mu, rooti, NORMC)

Arguments

x

density ordinate

nu

d.f. parameter

mu

mu vector

rooti

inv of Cholesky root of Σ\Sigma

NORMC

include normalizing constant (def: FALSE)

Details

zz ∼\sim MVst(mu,nu,Σ)MVst(mu, nu, \Sigma)

Value

Log density value

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

lndMvn

Examples

Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=2)
lndMvst(x=c(rep(0,2)), nu=4,mu=c(rep(0,2)), rooti=backsolve(chol(Sigma),diag(2)))

Compute Log Marginal Density Using Newton-Raftery Approx

Description

logMargDenNR computes log marginal density using the Newton-Raftery approximation.

Usage

logMargDenNR(ll)

Arguments

ll

vector of log-likelihoods evaluated at length(ll) MCMC draws

Value

Approximation to log marginal density value.

Warning

This approximation can be influenced by outliers in the vector of log-likelihoods; use with care. This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 6, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Household Panel Data on Margarine Purchases

Description

Panel data on purchases of margarine by 516 households. Demographic variables are included.

Usage

data(margarine)

Format

The detailing object is a list containing two data frames, choicePrice and demos.

Details

In the choicePrice data frame:

...$hhid household ID
...$choice multinomial indicator of one of the 10 products

The products are indicated by brand and type.

Brands:

...$Pk Parkay
...$BB BlueBonnett
...$Fl Fleischmanns
...$Hse house
...$Gen generic
...$Imp Imperial
...$SS Shed Spread

Product type:

...$_Stk stick
...$_Tub tub

In the demos data frame:

...$Fs3_4 dummy for family size 3-4
...$Fs5 dummy for family size >= 5
...$college dummy for education status
...$whtcollar dummy for job status
...$retired dummy for retirement status

All prices are in U.S. dollars.

Source

Allenby, Greg and Peter Rossi (1991), "Quality Perceptions and Asymmetric Switching Between Brands," Marketing Science 10, 185–205.

References

Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(margarine)
cat(" Table of Choice Variable ", fill=TRUE)
print(table(margarine$choicePrice[,2]))

cat(" Means of Prices", fill=TRUE)
mat=apply(as.matrix(margarine$choicePrice[,3:12]), 2, mean)
print(mat)

cat(" Quantiles of Demographic Variables", fill=TRUE)
mat=apply(as.matrix(margarine$demos[,2:8]), 2, quantile)
print(mat)


## example of processing for use with 'rhierMnlRwMixture'
if(0) {
  select = c(1:5,7)  ## select brands
  chPr = as.matrix(margarine$choicePrice)
  
  ## make sure to log prices
  chPr = cbind(chPr[,1], chPr[,2], log(chPr[,2+select]))
  demos = as.matrix(margarine$demos[,c(1,2,5)])
  
  ## remove obs for other alts
  chPr = chPr[chPr[,2] <= 7,]
  chPr = chPr[chPr[,2] != 6,]
  
  ## recode choice
  chPr[chPr[,2] == 7,2] = 6
  
  hhidl = levels(as.factor(chPr[,1]))
  lgtdata = NULL
  nlgt = length(hhidl)
  p = length(select)  ## number of choice alts
  
  ind = 1
  for (i in 1:nlgt) {
    nobs = sum(chPr[,1]==hhidl[i])
    if(nobs >=5) {
      data = chPr[chPr[,1]==hhidl[i],]
      y = data[,2]
      names(y) = NULL
      X = createX(p=p, na=1, Xa=data[,3:8], nd=NULL, Xd=NULL, INT=TRUE, base=1)
      lgtdata[[ind]] = list(y=y, X=X, hhid=hhidl[i])
      ind = ind+1
    }
  }
  nlgt = length(lgtdata)
  
  ## now extract demos corresponding to hhs in lgtdata
  Z = NULL
  nlgt = length(lgtdata)
  for(i in 1:nlgt){
     Z = rbind(Z, demos[demos[,1]==lgtdata[[i]]$hhid, 2:3])
  }
  
  ## take log of income and family size and demean
  Z = log(Z)
  Z[,1] = Z[,1] - mean(Z[,1])
  Z[,2] = Z[,2] - mean(Z[,2])
  
  keep = 5
  R = 20000
  mcmc1 = list(keep=keep, R=R)
  
  out = rhierMnlRwMixture(Data=list(p=p,lgtdata=lgtdata, Z=Z),
                          Prior=list(ncomp=1), Mcmc=mcmc1)
  
  summary(out$Deltadraw)
  summary(out$nmix)
  
  ## plotting examples
  if(0){
    plot(out$nmix)
    plot(out$Deltadraw)
  }
}

Compute Marginal Density for Multivariate Normal Mixture

Description

mixDen computes the marginal density for each dimension of a normal mixture at each of the points on a user-specifed grid.

Usage

mixDen(x, pvec, comps)

Arguments

x

array where iith column gives grid points for iith variable

pvec

vector of mixture component probabilites

comps

list of lists of components for normal mixture

Details

length(comps) is the number of mixture components
comps[[j]] is a list of parameters of the jjth component
comps[[j]]$mu is mean vector
comps[[j]]$rooti is the UL decomp of Σ−1\Sigma^{-1}

Value

An array of the same dimension as grid with density values

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rnmixGibbs

Compute Bivariate Marginal Density for a Normal Mixture

Description

mixDenBi computes the implied bivariate marginal density from a mixture of normals with specified mixture probabilities and component parameters.

Usage

mixDenBi(i, j, xi, xj, pvec, comps)

Arguments

i

index of first variable

j

index of second variable

xi

grid of values of first variable

xj

grid of values of second variable

pvec

normal mixture probabilities

comps

list of lists of components

Details

length(comps) is the number of mixture components
comps[[j]] is a list of parameters of the jjth component
comps[[j]]$mu is mean vector
comps[[j]]$rooti is the UL decomp of Σ−1\Sigma^{-1}

Value

An array (length(xi)=length(xj) x 2) with density value

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rnmixGibbs, mixDen

Computes –Expected Hessian for Multinomial Logit

Description

mnlHess computes expected Hessian (E[H]E[H]) for Multinomial Logit Model.

Usage

mnlHess(beta, y, X)

Arguments

beta

kx1k x 1 vector of coefficients

y

nx1n x 1 vector of choices, (1,…,p1,\ldots,p)

X

n∗pxkn*p x k Design matrix

Details

See llmnl for information on structure of X array. Use createX to make X.

Value

kxkk x k matrix

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

llmnl, createX, rmnlIndepMetrop

Examples

## Not run: mnlHess(beta, y, X)

Compute MNP Probabilities

Description

mnpProb computes MNP probabilities for a given XX matrix corresponding to one observation. This function can be used with output from rmnpGibbs to simulate the posterior distribution of market shares or fitted probabilties.

Usage

mnpProb(beta, Sigma, X, r)

Arguments

beta

MNP coefficients

Sigma

Covariance matrix of latents

X

XX array for one observation – use createX to make

r

number of draws used in GHK (def: 100)

Details

See rmnpGibbs for definition of the model and the interpretation of the beta and Sigma parameters. Uses the GHK method to compute choice probabilities. To simulate a distribution of probabilities, loop over the beta and Sigma draws from rmnpGibbs output.

Value

px1p x 1 vector of choice probabilites

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapters 2 and 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmnpGibbs, createX

Examples

## example of computing MNP probabilites
## here Xa has the prices of each of the 3 alternatives

Xa    = matrix(c(1,.5,1.5), nrow=1)
X     = createX(p=3, na=1, nd=NULL, Xa=Xa, Xd=NULL, DIFF=TRUE)
beta  = c(1,-1,-2)  ## beta contains two intercepts and the price coefficient
Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=2)

mnpProb(beta, Sigma, X)

Compute Posterior Expectation of Normal Mixture Model Moments

Description

momMix averages the moments of a normal mixture model over MCMC draws.

Usage

momMix(probdraw, compdraw)

Arguments

probdraw

RxncompR x ncomp list of draws of mixture probs

compdraw

list of length RR of draws of mixture component moments

Details

R is the number of MCMC draws in argument list above.
ncomp is the number of mixture components fitted.
compdraw is a list of lists of lists with mixture components.
compdraw[[i]] is iith draw.
compdraw[[i]][[j]][[1]] is the mean parameter vector for the jjth component, iith MCMC draw.
compdraw[[i]][[j]][[2]] is the UL decomposition of Σ−1\Sigma^{-1} for the jjth component, iith MCMC draw

Value

A list containing:

mu

posterior expectation of mean
sigma

posterior expectation of covariance matrix
sd

posterior expectation of vector of standard deviations
corr

posterior expectation of correlation matrix

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmixGibbs

Convert Covariance Matrix to a Correlation Matrix

Description

nmat converts a covariance matrix (stored as a vector, col by col) to a correlation matrix (also stored as a vector).

Usage

nmat(vec)

Arguments

vec

kxkk x k Cov matrix stored as a k∗kx1k*k x 1 vector (col by col)

Details

This routine is often used with apply to convert an Rx(k∗k)R x (k*k) array of covariance MCMC draws to correlations. As in corrdraws = apply(vardraws, 1, nmat).

Value

k∗kx1k*k x 1 vector with correlation matrix

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

Examples

set.seed(66)
X = matrix(rnorm(200,4), ncol=2)
Varmat = var(X)
nmat(as.vector(Varmat))

Compute Numerical Standard Error and Relative Numerical Efficiency

Description

numEff computes the numerical standard error for the mean of a vector of draws as well as the relative numerical efficiency (ratio of variance of mean of this time series process relative to iid sequence).

Usage

numEff(x, m = as.integer(min(length(x),(100/sqrt(5000))*sqrt(length(x)))))

Arguments

x

Rx1R x 1 vector of draws

m

number of lags for autocorrelations

Details

default for number of lags is chosen so that if R=5000R=5000, m=100m=100 and increases as the sqrt(R)sqrt(R).

Value

A list containing:

stderr

standard error of the mean of xx
f

variance ratio (relative numerical efficiency)

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

numEff(rnorm(1000), m=20)
numEff(rnorm(1000))

Store-level Panel Data on Orange Juice Sales

Description

Weekly sales of refrigerated orange juice at 83 stores. Contains demographic information on those stores.

Usage

data(orangeJuice)

Format

The orangeJuice object is a list containing two data frames, yx and storedemo.

Details

In the yx data frame:

...$store store number
...$brand brand indicator
...$week week number
...$logmove log of the number of units sold
...$constant a vector of 1s
...$price# price of brand #
...$deal in-store coupon activity
...$feature feature advertisement
...$profit profit

The price variables correspond to the following brands:

1 Tropicana Premium 64 oz
2 Tropicana Premium 96 oz
3 Florida's Natural 64 oz
4 Tropicana 64 oz
5 Minute Maid 64 oz
6 Minute Maid 96 oz
7 Citrus Hill 64 oz
8 Tree Fresh 64 oz
9 Florida Gold 64 oz
10 Dominicks 64 oz
11 Dominicks 128 oz

In the storedemo data frame:

...$STORE store number
...$AGE60 percentage of the population that is aged 60 or older
...$EDUC percentage of the population that has a college degree
...$ETHNIC percent of the population that is black or Hispanic
...$INCOME median income
...$HHLARGE percentage of households with 5 or more persons
...$WORKWOM percentage of women with full-time jobs
...$HVAL150 percentage of households worth more than $150,000
...$SSTRDIST distance to the nearest warehouse store
...$SSTRVOL ratio of sales of this store to the nearest warehouse store
...$CPDIST5 average distance in miles to the nearest 5 supermarkets
...$CPWVOL5 ratio of sales of this store to the average of the nearest five stores

Source

Alan L. Montgomery (1997), "Creating Micro-Marketing Pricing Strategies Using Supermarket Scanner Data," Marketing Science 16(4) 315–337.

References

Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

## load data
data(orangeJuice)

## print some quantiles of yx data  
cat("Quantiles of the Variables in yx data",fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(orangeJuice$yx), 2, quantile)
print(mat)

## print some quantiles of storedemo data
cat("Quantiles of the Variables in storedemo data",fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(orangeJuice$storedemo), 2, quantile)
print(mat)


## processing for use with rhierLinearModel
if(0) {
  
  ## select brand 1 for analysis
  brand1 = orangeJuice$yx[(orangeJuice$yx$brand==1),]
  
  store = sort(unique(brand1$store))
  nreg = length(store)
  nvar = 14
  
  regdata=NULL
  for (reg in 1:nreg) {
    y = brand1$logmove[brand1$store==store[reg]]
    iota = c(rep(1,length(y)))
    X = cbind(iota,log(brand1$price1[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price2[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price3[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price4[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price5[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price6[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price7[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price8[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price9[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price10[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   log(brand1$price11[brand1$store==store[reg]]),
                   brand1$deal[brand1$store==store[reg]],
                   brand1$feat[brand1$store==store[reg]] )
    regdata[[reg]] = list(y=y, X=X)
    }
  
  ## storedemo is standardized to zero mean.
  Z = as.matrix(orangeJuice$storedemo[,2:12]) 
  dmean = apply(Z, 2, mean)
  for (s in 1:nreg) {Z[s,] = Z[s,] - dmean}
  iotaz = c(rep(1,nrow(Z)))
  Z = cbind(iotaz, Z)
  nz = ncol(Z)
  
  Data = list(regdata=regdata, Z=Z)
  Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1)
  
  out = rhierLinearModel(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)
  
  summary(out$Deltadraw)
  summary(out$Vbetadraw)
  
  ## plotting examples
  if(0){ plot(out$betadraw) }
}

Plot Method for Hierarchical Model Coefs

Description

plot.bayesm.hcoef is an S3 method to plot 3 dim arrays of hierarchical coefficients. Arrays are of class bayesm.hcoef with dimensions: cross-sectional unit xx coef xx MCMC draw.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.hcoef'
plot(x,names,burnin,...)

Arguments

x

An object of S3 class, bayesm.hcoef

names

a list of names for the variables in the hierarchical model
burnin

no draws to burnin (def: 0.1∗R0.1*R)
...

standard graphics parameters

Details

Typically, plot.bayesm.hcoef will be invoked by a call to the generic plot function as in plot(object) where object is of class bayesm.hcoef. All of the bayesm hierarchical routines return draws of hierarchical coefficients in this class (see example below). One can also simply invoke plot.bayesm.hcoef on any valid 3-dim array as in plot.bayesm.hcoef(betadraws).

plot.bayesm.hcoef is also exported for use as a standard function, as in plot.bayesm.hcoef(array).

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

rhierMnlRwMixture,rhierLinearModel, rhierLinearMixture,rhierNegbinRw

Examples

## Not run: out=rhierLinearModel(Data,Prior,Mcmc); plot(out$betadraws)

Plot Method for Arrays of MCMC Draws

Description

plot.bayesm.mat is an S3 method to plot arrays of MCMC draws. The columns in the array correspond to parameters and the rows to MCMC draws.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.mat'
plot(x,names,burnin,tvalues,TRACEPLOT,DEN,INT,CHECK_NDRAWS, ...)

Arguments

x

An object of either S3 class, bayesm.mat, or S3 class, mcmc

names

optional character vector of names for coefficients
burnin

number of draws to discard for burn-in (def: 0.1∗nrow(X))0.1*nrow(X))
tvalues

vector of true values
TRACEPLOT

logical, TRUE provide sequence plots of draws and acfs (def: TRUE)
DEN

logical, TRUE use density scale on histograms (def: TRUE)
INT

logical, TRUE put various intervals and points on graph (def: TRUE)
CHECK_NDRAWS

logical, TRUE check that there are at least 100 draws (def: TRUE)
...

standard graphics parameters

Details

Typically, plot.bayesm.mat will be invoked by a call to the generic plot function as in plot(object) where object is of class bayesm.mat. All of the bayesm MCMC routines return draws in this class (see example below). One can also simply invoke plot.bayesm.mat on any valid 2-dim array as in plot.bayesm.mat(betadraws).

plot.bayesm.mat paints (by default) on the histogram:

green "[]" delimiting 95% Bayesian Credibility Interval
yellow "()" showing +/- 2 numerical standard errors
red "|" showing posterior mean

plot.bayesm.mat is also exported for use as a standard function, as in plot.bayesm.mat(matrix)

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

Examples

## Not run: out=runiregGibbs(Data,Prior,Mcmc); plot(out$betadraw)

Plot Method for MCMC Draws of Normal Mixtures

Description

plot.bayesm.nmix is an S3 method to plot aspects of the fitted density from a list of MCMC draws of normal mixture components. Plots of marginal univariate and bivariate densities are produced.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.nmix'
plot(x, names, burnin, Grid, bi.sel, nstd, marg, Data, ngrid, ndraw, ...)

Arguments

x

An object of S3 class bayesm.nmix
names

optional character vector of names for each of the dimensions
burnin

number of draws to discard for burn-in (def: 0.1∗nrow(X)0.1*nrow(X))
Grid

matrix of grid points for densities, def: mean +/- nstd std deviations (if Data no supplied), range of Data if supplied)
bi.sel

list of vectors, each giving pairs for bivariate distributions (def: list(c(1,2)))
nstd

number of standard deviations for default Grid (def: 2)
marg

logical, if TRUE display marginals (def: TRUE)
Data

matrix of data points, used to paint histograms on marginals and for grid
ngrid

number of grid points for density estimates (def: 50)
ndraw

number of draws to average Mcmc estimates over (def: 200)
...

standard graphics parameters

Details

Typically, plot.bayesm.nmix will be invoked by a call to the generic plot function as in plot(object) where object is of class bayesm.nmix. These objects are lists of three components. The first component is an array of draws of mixture component probabilties. The second component is not used. The third is a lists of lists of lists with draws of each of the normal components.

plot.bayesm.nmix can also be used as a standard function, as in plot.bayesm.nmix(list).

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

rnmixGibbs, rhierMnlRwMixture, rhierLinearMixture, rDPGibbs

Examples

## not run
# out = rnmixGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

## plot bivariate distributions for dimension 1,2; 3,4; and 1,3
# plot(out,bi.sel=list(c(1,2),c(3,4),c(1,3)))

Bayesian Analysis of Random Coefficient Logit Models Using Aggregate Data

Description

rbayesBLP implements a hybrid MCMC algorithm for aggregate level sales data in a market with differentiated products. bayesm version 3.1-0 and prior verions contain an error when using instruments with this function; this will be fixed in a future version.

Usage

rbayesBLP(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(X, share, J, Z)
Prior

list(sigmasqR, theta_hat, A, deltabar, Ad, nu0, s0_sq, VOmega)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, H, initial_theta_bar, initial_r, initial_tau_sq, initial_Omega, initial_delta, s, cand_cov, tol)

Value

A list containing:

thetabardraw

KxR/keepK x R/keep matrix of random coefficient mean draws
Sigmadraw

K∗KxR/keepK*K x R/keep matrix of random coefficient variance draws
rdraw

K∗KxR/keepK*K x R/keep matrix of rr draws (same information as in Sigmadraw)
tausqdraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of aggregate demand shock variance draws
Omegadraw

2∗2xR/keep2*2 x R/keep matrix of correlated endogenous shock variance draws
deltadraw

IxR/keepI x R/keep matrix of endogenous structural equation coefficient draws
acceptrate

scalor of acceptance rate of Metropolis-Hasting
s

scale parameter used for Metropolis-Hasting
cand_cov

var-cov matrix used for Metropolis-Hasting

Argument Details

Data = list(X, share, J, Z) [Z optional]

J: number of alternatives, excluding an outside option
X: J∗TxKJ*T x K matrix (no outside option, which is normalized to 0).
If IV is used, the last column of X is the endogeneous variable.
share: J∗TJ*T vector (no outside option).
Note that both the share vector and the X matrix are organized by the jtjt index.
jj varies faster than tt, i.e. (j=1,t=1),(j=2,t=1),...,(j=J,T=1),...,(j=J,t=T)(j=1,t=1), (j=2,t=1), ..., (j=J,T=1), ..., (j=J,t=T)
Z: J∗TxIJ*T x I matrix of instrumental variables (optional)

Prior = list(sigmasqR, theta_hat, A, deltabar, Ad, nu0, s0_sq, VOmega) [optional]

sigmasqR: K∗(K+1)/2K*(K+1)/2 vector for rr prior variance (def: diffuse prior for Σ\Sigma)
theta_hat: KK vector for θbar\theta_bar prior mean (def: 0 vector)
A: KxKK x K matrix for θbar\theta_bar prior precision (def: 0.01*diag(K))
deltabar: II vector for δ\delta prior mean (def: 0 vector)
Ad: IxII x I matrix for δ\delta prior precision (def: 0.01*diag(I))
nu0: d.f. parameter for τsq\tau_sq and Ω\Omega prior (def: K+1)
s0_sq: scale parameter for τsq\tau_sq prior (def: 1)
VOmega: 2x22 x 2 matrix parameter for Ω\Omega prior (def: matrix(c(1,0.5,0.5,1),2,2))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, H, initial_theta_bar, initial_r, initial_tau_sq, initial_Omega, initial_delta, s, cand_cov, tol) [only R and H required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
H: number of random draws used for Monte-Carlo integration
initial_theta_bar: initial value of θbar\theta_bar (def: 0 vector)
initial_r: initial value of rr (def: 0 vector)
initial_tau_sq: initial value of τsq\tau_sq (def: 0.1)
initial_Omega: initial value of Ω\Omega (def: diag(2))
initial_delta: initial value of δ\delta (def: 0 vector)
s: scale parameter of Metropolis-Hasting increment (def: automatically tuned)
cand_cov: var-cov matrix of Metropolis-Hasting increment (def: automatically tuned)
tol: convergence tolerance for the contraction mapping (def: 1e-6)

Model Details

Model and Priors (without IV):

uijt=Xjtθi+ηjt+eijtu_ijt = X_jt \theta_i + \eta_jt + e_ijt
eijte_ijt ∼\sim type I Extreme Value (logit)
θi\theta_i ∼\sim N(θbar,Σ)N(\theta_bar, \Sigma)
ηjt\eta_jt ∼\sim N(0,τsq)N(0, \tau_sq)

This structure implies a logit model for each consumer (θ\theta). Aggregate shares (share) are produced by integrating this consumer level logit model over the assumed normal distribution of θ\theta.

rr ∼\sim N(0,diag(sigmasqR))N(0, diag(sigmasqR))
θbar\theta_bar ∼\sim N(θhat,A−1)N(\theta_hat, A^-1)
τsq\tau_sq ∼\sim nu0∗s0sq/χ2(nu0)nu0*s0_sq / \chi^2 (nu0)

Note: we observe the aggregate level market share, not individual level choices.

Note: rr is the vector of nonzero elements of cholesky root of Σ\Sigma. Instead of Σ\Sigma we draw rr, which is one-to-one correspondence with the positive-definite Σ\Sigma.

Model and Priors (with IV):

uijt=Xjtθi+ηjt+eijtu_ijt = X_jt \theta_i + \eta_jt + e_ijt
eijte_ijt ∼\sim type I Extreme Value (logit)
θi\theta_i ∼\sim N(θbar,Σ)N(\theta_bar, \Sigma)

Xjt=[Xexojt,Xendojt]X_jt = [X_exo_jt, X_endo_jt]
Xendojt=Zjtδjt+ζjtX_endo_jt = Z_jt \delta_jt + \zeta_jt
vec(ζjt,ηjt)vec(\zeta_jt, \eta_jt) ∼\sim N(0,Ω)N(0, \Omega)

rr ∼\sim N(0,diag(sigmasqR))N(0, diag(sigmasqR))
θbar\theta_bar ∼\sim N(θhat,A−1)N(\theta_hat, A^-1)
δ\delta ∼\sim N(deltabar,Ad−1)N(deltabar, Ad^-1)
Ω\Omega ∼\sim IW(nu0,VOmega)IW(nu0, VOmega)

MCMC and Tuning Details:

MCMC Algorithm:

Step 1 (Σ\Sigma):
Given θbar\theta_bar and τsq\tau_sq, draw rr via Metropolis-Hasting.
Covert the drawn rr to Σ\Sigma.

Note: if user does not specify the Metropolis-Hasting increment parameters (s and cand_cov), rbayesBLP automatically tunes the parameters.

Step 2 without IV (θbar\theta_bar, τsq\tau_sq):
Given Σ\Sigma, draw θbar\theta_bar and τsq\tau_sq via Gibbs sampler.

Step 2 with IV (θbar\theta_bar, δ\delta, Ω\Omega):
Given Σ\Sigma, draw θbar\theta_bar, δ\delta, and Ω\Omega via IV Gibbs sampler.

Tuning Metropolis-Hastings algorithm:

r_cand = r_old + s*N(0,cand_cov)
Fix the candidate covariance matrix as cand_cov0 = diag(rep(0.1, K), rep(1, K*(K-1)/2)).
Start from s0 = 2.38/sqrt(dim(r))

Repeat{
Run 500 MCMC chain.
If acceptance rate < 30% => update s1 = s0/5.
If acceptance rate > 50% => update s1 = s0*3.
(Store r draws if acceptance rate is 20~80%.)
s0 = s1
} until acceptance rate is 30~50%

Scale matrix C = s1*sqrt(cand_cov0)
Correlation matrix R = Corr(r draws)
Use C*R*C as s^2*cand_cov.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi and K. Kim, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Analysis of Random Coefficient Logit Models Using Aggregate Data by Jiang, Manchanda, and Rossi, Journal of Econometrics, 2009.

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {

## Simulate aggregate level data
simulData <- function(para, others, Hbatch) {
  # Hbatch does the integration for computing market shares
  #      in batches of size Hbatch

  ## parameters
  theta_bar <- para$theta_bar
  Sigma <- para$Sigma
  tau_sq <- para$tau_sq

  T <- others$T	
  J <- others$J	
  p <- others$p	
  H <- others$H	
  K <- J + p	

  ## build X	
  X <- matrix(runif(T*J*p), T*J, p)
  inter <- NULL
  for (t in 1:T) { inter <- rbind(inter, diag(J)) }
  X <- cbind(inter, X)

  ## draw eta ~ N(0, tau_sq)	
  eta <- rnorm(T*J)*sqrt(tau_sq)
  X <- cbind(X, eta)

  share <- rep(0, J*T)
  for (HH in 1:(H/Hbatch)){
    ## draw theta ~ N(theta_bar, Sigma)
    cho <- chol(Sigma)
    theta <- matrix(rnorm(K*Hbatch), nrow=K, ncol=Hbatch)
    theta <- t(cho)%*%theta + theta_bar

    ## utility
    V <- X%*%rbind(theta, 1)
    expV <- exp(V)
    expSum <- matrix(colSums(matrix(expV, J, T*Hbatch)), T, Hbatch)
    expSum <- expSum %x% matrix(1, J, 1)
    choiceProb <- expV / (1 + expSum)
    share <- share +  rowSums(choiceProb) / H
  }

  ## the last K+1'th column is eta, which is unobservable.
  X <- X[,c(1:K)]	
  return (list(X=X, share=share))
}

## true parameter
theta_bar_true <- c(-2, -3, -4, -5)
Sigma_true <- rbind(c(3,2,1.5,1), c(2,4,-1,1.5), c(1.5,-1,4,-0.5), c(1,1.5,-0.5,3))
cho <- chol(Sigma_true)
r_true <- c(log(diag(cho)), cho[1,2:4], cho[2,3:4], cho[3,4]) 
tau_sq_true <- 1

## simulate data
set.seed(66)
T <- 300
J <- 3
p <- 1
K <- 4
H <- 1000000
Hbatch <- 5000

dat <- simulData(para=list(theta_bar=theta_bar_true, Sigma=Sigma_true, tau_sq=tau_sq_true),
                 others=list(T=T, J=J, p=p, H=H), Hbatch)
X <- dat$X
share <- dat$share

## Mcmc run
R <- 2000
H <- 50
Data1 <- list(X=X, share=share, J=J)
Mcmc1 <- list(R=R, H=H, nprint=0)
set.seed(66)
out <- rbayesBLP(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

## acceptance rate
out$acceptrate

## summary of draws
summary(out$thetabardraw)
summary(out$Sigmadraw)
summary(out$tausqdraw)

### plotting draws
plot(out$thetabardraw)
plot(out$Sigmadraw)
plot(out$tausqdraw)
}

Illustrate Bivariate Normal Gibbs Sampler

Description

rbiNormGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler for the bivariate normal distribution. Intermediate moves are plotted and the output is contrasted with the iid sampler. This function is designed for illustrative/teaching purposes.

Usage

rbiNormGibbs(initx=2, inity=-2, rho, burnin=100, R=500)

Arguments

initx

initial value of parameter on x axis (def: 2)
inity

initial value of parameter on y axis (def: -2)
rho

correlation for bivariate normals
burnin

burn-in number of draws (def: 100)
R

number of MCMC draws (def: 500)

Details

(θ1,θ2) N((0,0),Σ(\theta_1, \theta_2) ~ N( (0,0), \Sigma) with Σ\Sigma = matrix(c(1,rho,rho,1),ncol=2)

Value

Rx2R x 2 matrix of draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapters 2 and 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

## Not run: out=rbiNormGibbs(rho=0.95)

Gibbs Sampler (Albert and Chib) for Binary Probit

Description

rbprobitGibbs implements the Albert and Chib Gibbs Sampler for the binary probit model.

Usage

rbprobitGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X)
Prior

list(betabar, A)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

z=Xβ+ez = X\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,I)N(0, I)
y=1y = 1 if z>0z > 0

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of 0/1 outcomes
X: nxkn x k design matrix

Prior = list(betabar, A) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxkR/keep x k matrix of betadraws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmnpGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

## function to simulate from binary probit including x variable
simbprobit = function(X, beta) {
  y = ifelse((X%*%beta + rnorm(nrow(X)))<0, 0, 1)
  list(X=X, y=y, beta=beta)
}

nobs = 200
X = cbind(rep(1,nobs), runif(nobs), runif(nobs))
beta = c(0,1,-1)
nvar = ncol(X)
simout = simbprobit(X, beta)

Data1 = list(X=simout$X, y=simout$y)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rbprobitGibbs(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)

## plotting example
if(0){plot(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)}

Draw From Dirichlet Distribution

Description

rdirichlet draws from Dirichlet

Usage

rdirichlet(alpha)

Arguments

alpha

vector of Dirichlet parms (must be > 0)

Value

Vector of draws from Dirichlet

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

set.seed(66)
rdirichlet(c(rep(3,5)))

Density Estimation with Dirichlet Process Prior and Normal Base

Description

rDPGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler to draw from the posterior for a normal mixture problem with a Dirichlet Process prior. A natural conjugate base prior is used along with priors on the hyper parameters of this distribution. One interpretation of this model is as a normal mixture with a random number of components that can grow with the sample size.

Usage

rDPGibbs(Prior, Data, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y)
Prior

list(Prioralpha, lambda_hyper)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, maxuniq, SCALE, gridsize)

Details

Model and Priors

yiy_i ∼\sim N(μi,Σi)N(\mu_i, \Sigma_i)

θi=(μi,Σi)\theta_i=(\mu_i,\Sigma_i) ∼\sim DP(G0(λ),alpha)DP(G_0(\lambda),alpha)

G0(λ):G_0(\lambda):
μi∣Σi\mu_i | \Sigma_i ∼\sim N(0,Σi(x)a−1)N(0,\Sigma_i (x) a^{-1})
Σi\Sigma_i ∼\sim IW(nu,nu∗v∗I)IW(nu,nu*v*I)

λ(a,nu,v):\lambda(a,nu,v):
aa ∼\sim uniform on grid[alim[1], alimb[2]]
nunu ∼\sim uniform on grid[dim(data)-1 + exp(nulim[1]), dim(data)-1 + exp(nulim[2])]
vv ∼\sim uniform on grid[vlim[1], vlim[2]]

alphaalpha ∼\sim (1−(α−alphamin)/(alphamax−alphamin))power(1-(\alpha-alphamin)/(alphamax-alphamin))^{power}
alphaalpha = alphamin then expected number of components = Istarmin
alphaalpha = alphamax then expected number of components = Istarmax

We parameterize the prior on Σi\Sigma_i such that mode(Σ)=nu/(nu+2)vImode(\Sigma)= nu/(nu+2) vI. The support of nu enforces valid IW density; nulim[1]>0nulim[1] > 0

We use the structure for nmix that is compatible with the bayesm routines for finite mixtures of normals. This allows us to use the same summary and plotting methods.

The default choices of alim, nulim, and vlim determine the location and approximate size of candidate "atoms" or possible normal components. The defaults are sensible given that we scale the data. Without scaling, you want to insure that alim is set for a wide enough range of values (remember a is a precision parameter) and the v is big enough to propose Sigma matrices wide enough to cover the data range.

A careful analyst should look at the posterior distribution of a, nu, v to make sure that the support is set correctly in alim, nulim, vlim. In other words, if we see the posterior bunched up at one end of these support ranges, we should widen the range and rerun.

If you want to force the procedure to use many small atoms, then set nulim to consider only large values and set vlim to consider only small scaling constants. Set Istarmax to a large number. This will create a very "lumpy" density estimate somewhat like the classical Kernel density estimates. Of course, this is not advised if you have a prior belief that densities are relatively smooth.

Argument Details

Data = list(y)

y: nxkn x k matrix of observations on kk dimensional data

Prior = list(Prioralpha, lambda_hyper) [optional]

Prioralpha: list(Istarmin, Istarmax, power)
$Istarmin: is expected number of components at lower bound of support of alpha (def: 1)
$Istarmax: is expected number of components at upper bound of support of alpha (def: min(50, 0.1*nrow(y)))
$power: is the power parameter for alpha prior (def: 0.8)
lambda_hyper: list(alim, nulim, vlim)
$alim: defines support of a distribution (def: c(0.01, 10))
$nulim: defines support of nu distribution (def: c(0.01, 3))
$vlim: defines support of v distribution (def: c(0.1, 4))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, maxuniq, SCALE, gridsize) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
maxuniq: storage constraint on the number of unique components (def: 200)
SCALE: should data be scaled by mean,std deviation before posterior draws (def: TRUE)
gridsize: number of discrete points for hyperparameter priors (def: 20)

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)
alphadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of alpha draws
nudraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of nu draws
adraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of a draws
vdraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of v draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

rnmixGibbs, rmixture, rmixGibbs, eMixMargDen, momMix, mixDen, mixDenBi

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

## simulate univariate data from Chi-Sq

N = 200
chisqdf = 8
y1 = as.matrix(rchisq(N,df=chisqdf))

## set arguments for rDPGibbs

Data1 = list(y=y1)
Prioralpha = list(Istarmin=1, Istarmax=10, power=0.8)
Prior1 = list(Prioralpha=Prioralpha)
Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1, maxuniq=200)

out1 = rDPGibbs(Prior=Prior1, Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc)

if(0){
  ## plotting examples
  rgi = c(0,20)
  grid = matrix(seq(from=rgi[1],to=rgi[2],length.out=50), ncol=1)
  deltax = (rgi[2]-rgi[1]) / nrow(grid)
  plot(out1$nmix, Grid=grid, Data=y1)
  
  ## plot true density with historgram
  plot(range(grid[,1]), 1.5*range(dchisq(grid[,1],df=chisqdf)),
       type="n", xlab=paste("Chisq ; ",N," obs",sep=""), ylab="")
  hist(y1, xlim=rgi, freq=FALSE, col="yellow", breaks=20, add=TRUE)
  lines(grid[,1], dchisq(grid[,1],df=chisqdf) / (sum(dchisq(grid[,1],df=chisqdf))*deltax),
        col="blue", lwd=2)
}

## simulate bivariate data from the  "Banana" distribution (Meng and Barnard) 

banana = function(A, B, C1, C2, N, keep=10, init=10) { 
  R = init*keep + N*keep
  x1 = x2 = 0
  bimat = matrix(double(2*N), ncol=2)
  for (r in 1:R) { 
    x1 = rnorm(1,mean=(B*x2+C1) / (A*(x2^2)+1), sd=sqrt(1/(A*(x2^2)+1)))
    x2 = rnorm(1,mean=(B*x2+C2) / (A*(x1^2)+1), sd=sqrt(1/(A*(x1^2)+1)))
    if (r>init*keep && r%%keep==0) {
      mkeep = r/keep
      bimat[mkeep-init,] = c(x1,x2)
    } 
  }
  return(bimat)
}

set.seed(66)
nvar2 = 2
A = 0.5
B = 0
C1 = C2 = 3
y2 = banana(A=A, B=B, C1=C1, C2=C2, 1000)

Data2 = list(y=y2)
Prioralpha = list(Istarmin=1, Istarmax=10, power=0.8)
Prior2 = list(Prioralpha=Prioralpha)
Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1, maxuniq=200)

out2 = rDPGibbs(Prior=Prior2, Data=Data2, Mcmc=Mcmc)


if(0){
  ## plotting examples
  
  rx1 = range(y2[,1])
  rx2 = range(y2[,2])
  x1 = seq(from=rx1[1], to=rx1[2], length.out=50)
  x2 = seq(from=rx2[1], to=rx2[2], length.out=50)
  grid = cbind(x1,x2)
  plot(out2$nmix, Grid=grid, Data=y2)
  
  ## plot true bivariate density
  tden = matrix(double(50*50), ncol=50)
  for (i in 1:50) { 
  for (j in 1:50) {
        tden[i,j] = exp(-0.5*(A*(x1[i]^2)*(x2[j]^2) + 
                    (x1[i]^2) + (x2[j]^2) - 2*B*x1[i]*x2[j] - 
                    2*C1*x1[i] - 2*C2*x2[j]))
  }}
  tden = tden / sum(tden)
  image(x1, x2, tden, col=terrain.colors(100), xlab="", ylab="")
  contour(x1, x2, tden, add=TRUE, drawlabels=FALSE)
  title("True Density")
}

MCMC Algorithm for Hierarchical Binary Logit

Description

This function has been deprecated. Please use rhierMnlRwMixture instead.

rhierBinLogit implements an MCMC algorithm for hierarchical binary logits with a normal heterogeneity distribution. This is a hybrid sampler with a RW Metropolis step for unit-level logit parameters.

rhierBinLogit is designed for use on choice-based conjoint data with partial profiles. The Design matrix is based on differences of characteristics between two alternatives. See Appendix A of Bayesian Statistics and Marketing for details.

Usage

rhierBinLogit(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(lgtdata, Z)
Prior

list(Deltabar, ADelta, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, sbeta)

Details

Model and Priors

yhi=1y_{hi} = 1 with Pr=exp(xhi′βh)/(1+exp(xhi′βh)Pr = exp(x_{hi}'\beta_h) / (1+exp(x_{hi}'\beta_h) and βh\beta_h is nvarx1nvar x 1
h=1,…,length(lgtdata)h = 1, \ldots, length(lgtdata) units (or "respondents" for survey data)

βh\beta_h = ZDelta[h,] + uhu_h
Note: here ZDelta refers to Z%*%Delta with ZDelta[h,] the hhth row of this product
Delta is an nzxnvarnz x nvar array

uhu_h ∼\sim N(0,Vbeta)N(0, V_{beta}).

delta=vec(Delta)delta = vec(Delta) ∼\sim N(vec(Deltabar),Vbeta(x)ADelta−1)N(vec(Deltabar), V_{beta}(x) ADelta^{-1})
VbetaV_{beta} ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)

Argument Details

Data = list(lgtdata, Z) [Z optional]

lgtdata: list of lists with each cross-section unit MNL data
lgtdata[[h]]$y: nhx1n_h x 1 vector of binary outcomes (0,1)
lgtdata[[h]]$X: nhxnvarn_h x nvar design matrix for h'th unit
Z: nregxnznreg x nz mat of unit chars (def: vector of ones)

Prior = list(Deltabar, ADelta, nu, V) [optional]

Deltabar: nzxnvarnz x nvar matrix of prior means (def: 0)
ADelta: prior precision matrix (def: 0.01I)
nu: d.f. parameter for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nvar+3)
V: pds location parm for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nuI)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, sbeta) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parm -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
sbeta: scaling parm for RW Metropolis (def: 0.2)

Value

A list containing:

Deltadraw

R/keepxnz∗nvarR/keep x nz*nvar matrix of draws of Delta
betadraw

nlgtxnvarxR/keepnlgt x nvar x R/keep array of draws of betas
Vbetadraw

R/keepxnvar∗nvarR/keep x nvar*nvar matrix of draws of Vbeta
llike

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of log-like values
reject

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of reject rates over nlgt units

Note

Some experimentation with the Metropolis scaling paramter (sbeta) may be required.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rhierMnlRwMixture

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=10000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

nvar = 5              ## number of coefficients
nlgt = 1000           ## number of cross-sectional units
nobs = 10             ## number of observations per unit
nz = 2                ## number of regressors in mixing distribution

Z = matrix(c(rep(1,nlgt),runif(nlgt,min=-1,max=1)), nrow=nlgt, ncol=nz)
Delta = matrix(c(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, -1, 1, -0.5, 0.5, 0), nrow=nz, ncol=nvar)
iota = matrix(1, nrow=nvar, ncol=1)
Vbeta = diag(nvar) + 0.5*iota%*%t(iota)

lgtdata=NULL
for (i in 1:nlgt) { 
  beta = t(Delta)%*%Z[i,] + as.vector(t(chol(Vbeta))%*%rnorm(nvar))
  X = matrix(runif(nobs*nvar), nrow=nobs, ncol=nvar)
  prob = exp(X%*%beta) / (1+exp(X%*%beta)) 
  unif = runif(nobs, 0, 1)
  y = ifelse(unif<prob, 1, 0)
  lgtdata[[i]] = list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta)
}

Data1 = list(lgtdata=lgtdata, Z=Z)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R)

out = rhierBinLogit(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Vbeta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Vbetadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Vbeta[upper.tri(Vbeta,diag=TRUE)]))

if(0){
## plotting examples
plot(out$Deltadraw,tvalues=as.vector(Delta))
plot(out$betadraw)
plot(out$Vbetadraw,tvalues=as.vector(Vbeta[upper.tri(Vbeta,diag=TRUE)]))
}

Gibbs Sampler for Hierarchical Linear Model with Mixture-of-Normals Heterogeneity

Description

rhierLinearMixture implements a Gibbs Sampler for hierarchical linear models with a mixture-of-normals prior.

Usage

rhierLinearMixture(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(regdata, Z)
Prior

list(deltabar, Ad, mubar, Amu, nu, V, nu.e, ssq, ncomp)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

nreg regression equations with nvar as the number of XX vars in each equation
yi=Xiβi+eiy_i = X_i\beta_i + e_i with eie_i ∼\sim N(0,τi)N(0, \tau_i)

τi\tau_i ∼\sim nu.e∗ssqi/χnu.e2nu.e*ssq_i/\chi^2_{nu.e} where τi\tau_i is the variance of eie_i
B=ZΔ+UB = Z\Delta + U or βi=Δ′Z[i,]′+ui\beta_i = \Delta' Z[i,]' + u_i
Δ\Delta is an nzxnvarnz x nvar matrix

ZZ should not include an intercept and should be centered for ease of interpretation. The mean of each of the nreg β\betas is the mean of the normal mixture. Use summary() to compute this mean from the compdraw output.

uiu_i ∼\sim N(μind,Σind)N(\mu_{ind}, \Sigma_{ind})
indind ∼\sim multinomial(pvec)multinomial(pvec)

pvecpvec ∼\sim dirichlet(a)dirichlet(a)
delta=vec(Δ)delta = vec(\Delta) ∼\sim N(deltabar,Ad−1)N(deltabar, A_d^{-1})
μj\mu_j ∼\sim N(mubar,Σj(x)Amu−1)N(mubar, \Sigma_j(x) Amu^{-1})
Σj\Sigma_j ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)

Be careful in assessing the prior parameter Amu: 0.01 can be too small for some applications. See chapter 5 of Rossi et al for full discussion.

Argument Details

Data = list(regdata, Z) [Z optional]

regdata: list of lists with XX and yy matrices for each of nreg=length(regdata) regressions
regdata[[i]]$X: nixnvarn_i x nvar design matrix for equation ii
regdata[[i]]$y: nix1n_i x 1 vector of observations for equation ii
Z: nregxnznreg x nz matrix of unit characteristics (def: vector of ones)

Prior = list(deltabar, Ad, mubar, Amu, nu, V, nu.e, ssq, ncomp) [all but ncomp are optional]

deltabar: nzxnvarnz x nvar vector of prior means (def: 0)
Ad: prior precision matrix for vec(Delta) (def: 0.01*I)
mubar: nvarx1nvar x 1 prior mean vector for normal component mean (def: 0)
Amu: prior precision for normal component mean (def: 0.01)
nu: d.f. parameter for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nvar+3)
V: PDS location parameter for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nu*I)
nu.e: d.f. parameter for regression error variance prior (def: 3)
ssq: scale parameter for regression error variance prior (def: var(y_i))
a: Dirichlet prior parameter (def: 5)
ncomp: number of components used in normal mixture

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parm -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to (here, null)
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

taudraw

R/keepxnregR/keep x nreg matrix of error variance draws
betadraw

nregxnvarxR/keepnreg x nvar x R/keep array of individual regression coef draws
Deltadraw

R/keepxnz∗nvarR/keep x nz*nvar matrix of Deltadraws
nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rhierLinearModel

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

nreg = 300
nobs = 500
nvar = 3
nz = 2

Z = matrix(runif(nreg*nz), ncol=nz) 
Z = t(t(Z) - apply(Z,2,mean))
Delta = matrix(c(1,-1,2,0,1,0), ncol=nz)
tau0 = 0.1
iota = c(rep(1,nobs))

## create arguments for rmixture

tcomps = NULL
a = matrix(c(1,0,0,0.5773503,1.1547005,0,-0.4082483,0.4082483,1.2247449), ncol=3)
tcomps[[1]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2),   rooti=a) 
tcomps[[2]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*2, rooti=a)
tcomps[[3]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*4, rooti=a)
tpvec = c(0.4, 0.2, 0.4)

## simulated data with Z
regdata = NULL
betas = matrix(double(nreg*nvar), ncol=nvar)
tind = double(nreg)

for (reg in 1:nreg) {
  tempout = rmixture(1,tpvec,tcomps)
  betas[reg,] = Delta%*%Z[reg,] + as.vector(tempout$x)
  tind[reg] = tempout$z
  X = cbind(iota, matrix(runif(nobs*(nvar-1)),ncol=(nvar-1)))
  tau = tau0*runif(1,min=0.5,max=1)
  y = X%*%betas[reg,] + sqrt(tau)*rnorm(nobs)
  regdata[[reg]] = list(y=y, X=X, beta=betas[reg,], tau=tau)
}

## run rhierLinearMixture

Data1 = list(regdata=regdata, Z=Z)
Prior1 = list(ncomp=3)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out1 = rhierLinearMixture(Data=Data1, Prior=Prior1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out1$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Normal Mixture Distribution", fill=TRUE)
summary(out1$nmix)

## plotting examples
if(0){
  plot(out1$betadraw)
  plot(out1$nmix)
  plot(out1$Deltadraw)
}

Gibbs Sampler for Hierarchical Linear Model with Normal Heterogeneity

Description

rhierLinearModel implements a Gibbs Sampler for hierarchical linear models with a normal prior.

Usage

rhierLinearModel(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(regdata, Z)
Prior

list(Deltabar, A, nu.e, ssq, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

nreg regression equations with nvarnvar XX variables in each equation
yi=Xiβi+eiy_i = X_i\beta_i + e_i with eie_i ∼\sim N(0,τi)N(0, \tau_i)

τi\tau_i ∼\sim nu.e*ssqi/χnu.e2ssq_i/\chi^2_{nu.e} where τi\tau_i is the variance of eie_i
βi\beta_i ∼\sim N(ZΔ\Delta[i,], VβV_{\beta})
Note: ZΔ\Delta is the matrix Z∗ΔZ * \Delta and [i,] refers to iith row of this product

vec(Δ)vec(\Delta) given VβV_{\beta} ∼\sim N(vec(Deltabar),Vβ(x)A−1)N(vec(Deltabar), V_{\beta}(x) A^{-1})
VβV_{\beta} ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu,V)
Delta,DeltabarDelta, Deltabar are nzxnvarnz x nvar; AA is nzxnznz x nz; VβV_{\beta} is nvarxnvarnvar x nvar.

Note: if you don't have any ZZ variables, omit ZZ in the Data argument and a vector of ones will be inserted; the matrix Δ\Delta will be 1xnvar1 x nvar and should be interpreted as the mean of all unit β\betas.

Argument Details

Data = list(regdata, Z) [Z optional]

regdata: list of lists with XX and yy matrices for each of nreg=length(regdata) regressions
regdata[[i]]$X: nixnvarn_i x nvar design matrix for equation ii
regdata[[i]]$y: nix1n_i x 1 vector of observations for equation ii
Z: nregxnznreg x nz matrix of unit characteristics (def: vector of ones)

Prior = list(Deltabar, A, nu.e, ssq, nu, V) [optional]

Deltabar: nzxnvarnz x nvar matrix of prior means (def: 0)
A: nzxnznz x nz matrix for prior precision (def: 0.01I)
nu.e: d.f. parameter for regression error variance prior (def: 3)
ssq: scale parameter for regression error var prior (def: var(y_i))
nu: d.f. parameter for Vbeta prior (def: nvar+3)
V: Scale location matrix for Vbeta prior (def: nu*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parm -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

nregxnvarxR/keepnreg x nvar x R/keep array of individual regression coef draws
taudraw

R/keepxnregR/keep x nreg matrix of error variance draws
Deltadraw

R/keepxnz∗nvarR/keep x nz*nvar matrix of Deltadraws
Vbetadraw

R/keepxnvar∗nvarR/keep x nvar*nvar matrix of Vbeta draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rhierLinearMixture

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

nreg = 100
nobs = 100
nvar = 3
Vbeta = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0, 0.5, 2, 0.7, 0, 0.7, 1), ncol=3)

Z = cbind(c(rep(1,nreg)), 3*runif(nreg))
Z[,2] = Z[,2] - mean(Z[,2])
nz = ncol(Z)
Delta = matrix(c(1,-1,2,0,1,0), ncol=2)
Delta = t(Delta) # first row of Delta is means of betas
Beta = matrix(rnorm(nreg*nvar),nrow=nreg)%*%chol(Vbeta) + Z%*%Delta

tau = 0.1
iota = c(rep(1,nobs))
regdata = NULL
for (reg in 1:nreg) { 
  X = cbind(iota, matrix(runif(nobs*(nvar-1)),ncol=(nvar-1)))
	y = X%*%Beta[reg,] + sqrt(tau)*rnorm(nobs)
	regdata[[reg]] = list(y=y, X=X) 
}

Data1 = list(regdata=regdata, Z=Z)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rhierLinearModel(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Vbeta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Vbetadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Vbeta[upper.tri(Vbeta,diag=TRUE)]))

## plotting examples
if(0){
  plot(out$betadraw)
  plot(out$Deltadraw)
}

MCMC Algorithm for Hierarchical Multinomial Logit with Dirichlet Process Prior Heterogeneity

Description

rhierMnlDP is a MCMC algorithm for a hierarchical multinomial logit with a Dirichlet Process prior for the distribution of heteorogeneity. A base normal model is used so that the DP can be interpreted as allowing for a mixture of normals with as many components as there are panel units. This is a hybrid Gibbs Sampler with a RW Metropolis step for the MNL coefficients for each panel unit. This procedure can be interpreted as a Bayesian semi-parameteric method in the sense that the DP prior can accomodate heterogeniety of an unknown form.

Usage

rhierMnlDP(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(lgtdata, Z, p)
Prior

list(deltabar, Ad, Prioralpha, lambda_hyper)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, s, w, maxunique, gridsize)

Details

Model and Priors

yiy_i ∼\sim MNL(Xi,βi)MNL(X_i, \beta_i) with i=1,…,length(lgtdata)i = 1, \ldots, length(lgtdata) and where θi\theta_i is nvarx1nvar x 1

βi=ZΔ\beta_i = Z\Delta[i,] + uiu_i
Note: ZΔ\Delta is the matrix Z∗ΔZ * \Delta; [i,] refers to iith row of this product
Delta is an nzxnvarnz x nvar matrix

βi\beta_i ∼\sim N(μi,Σi)N(\mu_i, \Sigma_i)

θi=(μi,Σi)\theta_i = (\mu_i, \Sigma_i) ∼\sim DP(G0(λ),alpha)DP(G_0(\lambda), alpha)

G0(λ):G_0(\lambda):
μi∣Σi\mu_i | \Sigma_i ∼\sim N(0,Σi(x)a−1)N(0, \Sigma_i (x) a^{-1})
Σi\Sigma_i ∼\sim IW(nu,nu∗v∗I)IW(nu, nu*v*I)
delta=vec(Δ)delta = vec(\Delta) ∼\sim N(deltabar,Ad−1)N(deltabar, A_d^{-1})

λ(a,nu,v):\lambda(a, nu, v):
aa ∼\sim uniform[alim[1], alimb[2]]
nunu ∼\sim dim(data)-1 + exp(z)
zz ∼\sim uniform[dim(data)-1+nulim[1], nulim[2]]
vv ∼\sim uniform[vlim[1], vlim[2]]

alphaalpha ∼\sim (1−(alpha−alphamin)/(alphamax−alphamin))power(1-(alpha-alphamin) / (alphamax-alphamin))^{power}
alpha = alphamin then expected number of components = Istarmin
alpha = alphamax then expected number of components = Istarmax

ZZ should NOT include an intercept and is centered for ease of interpretation. The mean of each of the nlgt β\betas is the mean of the normal mixture. Use summary() to compute this mean from the compdraw output.

We parameterize the prior on Σi\Sigma_i such that mode(Σ)=nu/(nu+2)vImode(\Sigma) = nu/(nu+2) vI. The support of nu enforces a non-degenerate IW density; nulim[1]>0nulim[1] > 0.

The default choices of alim, nulim, and vlim determine the location and approximate size of candidate "atoms" or possible normal components. The defaults are sensible given a reasonable scaling of the X variables. You want to insure that alim is set for a wide enough range of values (remember a is a precision parameter) and the v is big enough to propose Sigma matrices wide enough to cover the data range.

A careful analyst should look at the posterior distribution of a, nu, v to make sure that the support is set correctly in alim, nulim, vlim. In other words, if we see the posterior bunched up at one end of these support ranges, we should widen the range and rerun.

If you want to force the procedure to use many small atoms, then set nulim to consider only large values and set vlim to consider only small scaling constants. Set alphamax to a large number. This will create a very "lumpy" density estimate somewhat like the classical Kernel density estimates. Of course, this is not advised if you have a prior belief that densities are relatively smooth.

Argument Details

Data = list(lgtdata, Z, p) [Z optional]

lgtdata: list of lists with each cross-section unit MNL data
lgtdata[[i]]$y: nix1n_i x 1 vector of multinomial outcomes (1, ..., m)
lgtdata[[i]]$X: nixnvarn_i x nvar design matrix for iith unit
Z: nregxnznreg x nz matrix of unit characteristics (def: vector of ones)
p: number of choice alternatives

Prior = list(deltabar, Ad, Prioralpha, lambda_hyper) [optional]

deltabar: nz∗nvarx1nz*nvar x 1 vector of prior means (def: 0)
Ad: prior precision matrix for vec(D) (def: 0.01*I)
Prioralpha: list(Istarmin, Istarmax, power)
$Istarmin: expected number of components at lower bound of support of alpha def(1)
$Istarmax: expected number of components at upper bound of support of alpha (def: min(50, 0.1*nlgt))
$power: power parameter for alpha prior (def: 0.8)
lambda_hyper: list(alim, nulim, vlim)
$alim: defines support of a distribution (def: c(0.01, 2))
$nulim: defines support of nu distribution (def: c(0.001, 3))
$vlim: defines support of v distribution (def: c(0.1, 4))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, s, w, maxunique, gridsize) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
s: scaling parameter for RW Metropolis (def: 2.93/sqrt(nvar))
w: fractional likelihood weighting parameter (def: 0.1)
maxuniq: storage constraint on the number of unique components (def: 200)
gridsize: number of discrete points for hyperparameter priors, (def: 20)

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component (here, a one-column matrix of 1s)
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to (here, null)
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

Deltadraw

R/keepxnz∗nvarR/keep x nz*nvar matrix of draws of Delta, first row is initial value
betadraw

nlgtxnvarxR/keepnlgt x nvar x R/keep array of draws of betas
nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)
adraw

R/keepR/keep draws of hyperparm a
vdraw

R/keepR/keep draws of hyperparm v
nudraw

R/keepR/keep draws of hyperparm nu
Istardraw

R/keepR/keep draws of number of unique components
alphadraw

R/keepR/keep draws of number of DP tightness parameter
loglike

R/keepR/keep draws of log-likelihood

Note

As is well known, Bayesian density estimation involves computing the predictive distribution of a "new" unit parameter, θn+1\theta_{n+1} (here "n"=nlgt). This is done by averaging the normal base distribution over draws from the distribution of θn+1\theta_{n+1} given θ1\theta_1, ..., θn\theta_n, alpha, lambda, data. To facilitate this, we store those draws from the predictive distribution of θn+1\theta_{n+1} in a list structure compatible with other bayesm routines that implement a finite mixture of normals.

Large R values may be required (>20,000).

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rhierMnlRwMixture

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=20000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

p = 3                                # num of choice alterns
ncoef = 3  
nlgt = 300                           # num of cross sectional units
nz = 2
Z = matrix(runif(nz*nlgt),ncol=nz)
Z = t(t(Z)-apply(Z,2,mean))          # demean Z
ncomp = 3                            # no of mixture components
Delta=matrix(c(1,0,1,0,1,2),ncol=2)

comps = NULL
comps[[1]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2),   rooti=diag(rep(2,3)))
comps[[2]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*2, rooti=diag(rep(2,3)))
comps[[3]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*4, rooti=diag(rep(2,3)))
pvec=c(0.4, 0.2, 0.4)

##  simulate from MNL model conditional on X matrix
simmnlwX = function(n,X,beta) {
  k = length(beta)
  Xbeta = X%*%beta
  j = nrow(Xbeta) / n
  Xbeta = matrix(Xbeta, byrow=TRUE, ncol=j)
  Prob = exp(Xbeta)
  iota = c(rep(1,j))
  denom = Prob%*%iota
  Prob = Prob / as.vector(denom)
  y = vector("double", n)
  ind = 1:j
  for (i in 1:n) {
  yvec = rmultinom(1, 1, Prob[i,])
  y[i] = ind%*%yvec}
  return(list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta, prob=Prob))
}

## simulate data with a mixture of 3 normals
simlgtdata = NULL
ni = rep(50,300)
for (i in 1:nlgt) {
  betai = Delta%*%Z[i,] + as.vector(rmixture(1,pvec,comps)$x)
   Xa = matrix(runif(ni[i]*p,min=-1.5,max=0), ncol=p)
   X = createX(p, na=1, nd=NULL, Xa=Xa, Xd=NULL, base=1)
   outa = simmnlwX(ni[i], X, betai)
   simlgtdata[[i]] = list(y=outa$y, X=X, beta=betai)
}

## plot betas
if(0){
  bmat = matrix(0, nlgt, ncoef)
  for(i in 1:nlgt) { bmat[i,] = simlgtdata[[i]]$beta }
  par(mfrow = c(ncoef,1))
  for(i in 1:ncoef) { hist(bmat[,i], breaks=30, col="magenta") }
}

## set Data and Mcmc lists
keep = 5
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=keep)
Data1 = list(p=p, lgtdata=simlgtdata, Z=Z)

out = rhierMnlDP(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

## plotting examples
if(0) {
  plot(out$betadraw)
  plot(out$nmix)
}

MCMC Algorithm for Hierarchical Multinomial Logit with Mixture-of-Normals Heterogeneity

Description

rhierMnlRwMixture is a MCMC algorithm for a hierarchical multinomial logit with a mixture of normals heterogeneity distribution. This is a hybrid Gibbs Sampler with a RW Metropolis step for the MNL coefficients for each panel unit.

Usage

rhierMnlRwMixture(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(lgtdata, Z, p)
Prior

list(a, deltabar, Ad, mubar, Amu, nu, V, a, ncomp, SignRes)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, s, w)

Details

Model and Priors

yiy_i ∼\sim MNL(Xi,βi)MNL(X_i,\beta_i) with i=1,…,i = 1, \ldots, length(lgtdata) and where βi\beta_i is nvarx1nvar x 1

βi\beta_i = ZΔZ\Delta[i,] + uiu_i
Note: ZΔ\Delta is the matrix Z * Δ\Delta and [i,] refers to iith row of this product
Delta is an nzxnvarnz x nvar array

uiu_i ∼\sim N(μind,Σind)N(\mu_{ind},\Sigma_{ind}) with indind ∼\sim multinomial(pvec)

pvecpvec ∼\sim dirichlet(a)
delta=vec(Δ)delta = vec(\Delta) ∼\sim N(deltabar,Ad−1)N(deltabar, A_d^{-1})
μj\mu_j ∼\sim N(mubar,Σj(x)Amu−1)N(mubar, \Sigma_j (x) Amu^{-1})
Σj\Sigma_j ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)

Note: ZZ should NOT include an intercept and is centered for ease of interpretation. The mean of each of the nlgt β\betas is the mean of the normal mixture. Use summary() to compute this mean from the compdraw output.

Be careful in assessing prior parameter Amu: 0.01 is too small for many applications. See chapter 5 of Rossi et al for full discussion.

Argument Details

Data = list(lgtdata, Z, p) [Z optional]

lgtdata: list of nlgt=length(lgtdata) lists with each cross-section unit MNL data
lgtdata[[i]]$y: nix1n_i x 1 vector of multinomial outcomes (1, ..., p)
lgtdata[[i]]$X: ni∗pxnvarn_i*p x nvar design matrix for iith unit
Z: nregxnznreg x nz matrix of unit chars (def: vector of ones)
p: number of choice alternatives

Prior = list(a, deltabar, Ad, mubar, Amu, nu, V, a, ncomp, SignRes) [all but ncomp are optional]

a: ncompx1ncomp x 1 vector of Dirichlet prior parameters (def: rep(5,ncomp))
deltabar: nz∗nvarx1nz*nvar x 1 vector of prior means (def: 0)
Ad: prior precision matrix for vec(D) (def: 0.01*I)
mubar: nvarx1nvar x 1 prior mean vector for normal component mean (def: 0 if unrestricted; 2 if restricted)
Amu: prior precision for normal component mean (def: 0.01 if unrestricted; 0.1 if restricted)
nu: d.f. parameter for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nvar+3 if unrestricted; nvar+15 if restricted)
V: PDS location parameter for IW prior on normal component Sigma (def: nu*I if unrestricted; nu*D if restricted with d_pp = 4 if unrestricted and d_pp = 0.01 if restricted)
ncomp: number of components used in normal mixture
SignRes: nvarx1nvar x 1 vector of sign restrictions on the coefficient estimates (def: rep(0,nvar))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, s, w) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
s: scaling parameter for RW Metropolis (def: 2.93/sqrt(nvar))
w: fractional likelihood weighting parameter (def: 0.1)

Sign Restrictions

If βik\beta_ik has a sign restriction: βik=SignRes[k]∗exp(β∗ik)\beta_ik = SignRes[k] * exp(\beta*_ik)

To use sign restrictions on the coefficients, SignRes must be an nvarx1nvar x 1 vector containing values of either 0, -1, or 1. The value 0 means there is no sign restriction, -1 ensures that the coefficient is negative, and 1 ensures that the coefficient is positive. For example, if SignRes = c(0,1,-1), the first coefficient is unconstrained, the second will be positive, and the third will be negative.

The sign restriction is implemented such that if the the kk'th β\beta has a non-zero sign restriction (i.e., it is constrained), we have βk=SignRes[k]∗exp(β∗k)\beta_k = SignRes[k] * exp(\beta*_k).

The sign restrictions (if used) will be reflected in the betadraw output. However, the unconstrained mixture components are available in nmix. Important: Note that draws from nmix are distributed according to the mixture of normals but not the coefficients in betadraw.

Care should be taken when selecting priors on any sign restricted coefficients. See related vignette for additional information.

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to (here, null)
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

Deltadraw

R/keepxnz∗nvarR/keep x nz*nvar matrix of draws of Delta, first row is initial value
betadraw

nlgtxnvarxR/keepnlgt x nvar x R/keep array of beta draws
nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)
loglike

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of log-likelihood for each kept draw
SignRes

nvarx1nvar x 1 vector of sign restrictions

Note

Note: as of version 2.0-2 of bayesm, the fractional weight parameter has been changed to a weight between 0 and 1. ww is the fractional weight on the normalized pooled likelihood. This differs from what is in Rossi et al chapter 5, i.e.

likei(1−w)xlikepooled((ni/N)∗w)like_i^{(1-w)} x like_pooled^{((n_i/N)*w)}

Large R values may be required (>20,000).

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmnlIndepMetrop

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=10000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

p = 3                                # num of choice alterns
ncoef = 3  
nlgt = 300                           # num of cross sectional units
nz = 2
Z = matrix(runif(nz*nlgt),ncol=nz)
Z = t(t(Z) - apply(Z,2,mean))        # demean Z
ncomp = 3                            # num of mixture components
Delta = matrix(c(1,0,1,0,1,2),ncol=2)

comps=NULL
comps[[1]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2),   rooti=diag(rep(1,3)))
comps[[2]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*2, rooti=diag(rep(1,3)))
comps[[3]] = list(mu=c(0,-1,-2)*4, rooti=diag(rep(1,3)))
pvec = c(0.4, 0.2, 0.4)

##  simulate from MNL model conditional on X matrix
simmnlwX= function(n,X,beta) {
  k = length(beta)
  Xbeta = X%*%beta
  j = nrow(Xbeta) / n
  Xbeta = matrix(Xbeta, byrow=TRUE, ncol=j)
  Prob = exp(Xbeta)
  iota = c(rep(1,j))
  denom = Prob%*%iota
  Prob = Prob/as.vector(denom)
  y = vector("double",n)
  ind = 1:j
  for (i in 1:n) { 
    yvec = rmultinom(1, 1, Prob[i,])
    y[i] = ind%*%yvec
  }
  return(list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta, prob=Prob))
}

## simulate data
simlgtdata = NULL
ni = rep(50, 300)
for (i in 1:nlgt) {
  betai = Delta%*%Z[i,] + as.vector(rmixture(1,pvec,comps)$x)
   Xa = matrix(runif(ni[i]*p,min=-1.5,max=0), ncol=p)
   X = createX(p, na=1, nd=NULL, Xa=Xa, Xd=NULL, base=1)
   outa = simmnlwX(ni[i], X, betai)
   simlgtdata[[i]] = list(y=outa$y, X=X, beta=betai)
}

## plot betas
if(0){
  bmat = matrix(0, nlgt, ncoef)
  for(i in 1:nlgt) {bmat[i,] = simlgtdata[[i]]$beta}
  par(mfrow = c(ncoef,1))
  for(i in 1:ncoef) { hist(bmat[,i], breaks=30, col="magenta") }
}

## set parms for priors and Z
Prior1 = list(ncomp=5)
keep = 5
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=keep)
Data1 = list(p=p, lgtdata=simlgtdata, Z=Z)

## fit model without sign constraints
out1 = rhierMnlRwMixture(Data=Data1, Prior=Prior1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out1$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Normal Mixture Distribution", fill=TRUE)
summary(out1$nmix)

## plotting examples
if(0) {
  plot(out1$betadraw)
  plot(out1$nmix)
}

## fit model with constraint that beta_i2 < 0 forall i
Prior2 = list(ncomp=5, SignRes=c(0,-1,0))
out2 = rhierMnlRwMixture(Data=Data1, Prior=Prior2, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out2$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Normal Mixture Distribution", fill=TRUE)
summary(out2$nmix)

## plotting examples
if(0) {
  plot(out2$betadraw)
  plot(out2$nmix)
}

MCMC Algorithm for Hierarchical Negative Binomial Regression

Description

rhierNegbinRw implements an MCMC algorithm for the hierarchical Negative Binomial (NBD) regression model. Metropolis steps for each unit-level set of regression parameters are automatically tuned by optimization. Over-dispersion parameter (alpha) is common across units.

Usage

rhierNegbinRw(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(regdata, Z)
Prior

list(Deltabar, Adelta, nu, V, a, b)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, s_beta, s_alpha, alpha, c, Vbeta0, Delta0)

Details

Model and Priors

yiy_i ∼\sim NBD(mean=λ\lambda, over-dispersion=alpha)
λ=exp(Xiβi)\lambda = exp(X_i\beta_i)

βi\beta_i ∼\sim N(Δ′zi,Vbeta)N(\Delta'z_i,Vbeta)

vec(Δ∣Vbeta)vec(\Delta|Vbeta) ∼\sim N(vec(Deltabar),Vbeta(x)Adelta)N(vec(Deltabar), Vbeta (x) Adelta)
VbetaVbeta ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)
alphaalpha ∼\sim Gamma(a,b)Gamma(a, b) (unless Mcmc$alpha specified)
Note: prior mean of alpha=a/balpha = a/b, variance =a/(b2)= a/(b^2)

Argument Details

Data = list(regdata, Z) [Z optional]

regdata: list of lists with data on each of nreg units
regdata[[i]]$X: nobsixnvarnobs_i x nvar matrix of XX variables
regdata[[i]]$y: nobsix1nobs_i x 1 vector of count responses
Z: nregxnznreg x nz matrix of unit characteristics (def: vector of ones)

Prior = list(Deltabar, Adelta, nu, V, a, b) [optional]

Deltabar: nzxnvarnz x nvar prior mean matrix (def: 0)
Adelta: nzxnznz x nz PDS prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: nvar+3)
V: location matrix of Inverted Wishart prior (def: nu*I)
a: Gamma prior parameter (def: 0.5)
b: Gamma prior parameter (def: 0.1)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, s_beta, s_alpha, alpha, c, Vbeta0, Delta0) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
s_beta: scaling for beta | alpha RW inc cov (def: 2.93/sqrt(nvar))
s_alpha: scaling for alpha | beta RW inc cov (def: 2.93)
alpha: over-dispersion parameter (def: alpha ~ Gamma(a,b))
c: fractional likelihood weighting parm (def: 2)
Vbeta0: starting value for Vbeta (def: I)
Delta0: starting value for Delta (def: 0)

Value

A list containing:

llike

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of values of log-likelihood
betadraw

nregxnvarxR/keepnreg x nvar x R/keep array of beta draws
alphadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of alpha draws
acceptrbeta

acceptance rate of the beta draws
acceptralpha

acceptance rate of the alpha draws

Note

The NBD regression encompasses Poisson regression in the sense that as alpha goes to infinity the NBD distribution tends to the Poisson.

For "small" values of alpha, the dependent variable can be extremely variable so that a large number of observations may be required to obtain precise inferences.

For ease of interpretation, we recommend demeaning ZZ variables.

Author(s)

Sridhar Narayanan (Stanford GSB) and Peter Rossi (Anderson School, UCLA), [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rnegbinRw

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

# Simulate from the Negative Binomial Regression
simnegbin = function(X, beta, alpha) {
  lambda = exp(X%*%beta)
  y = NULL
  for (j in 1:length(lambda)) {y = c(y, rnbinom(1, mu=lambda[j], size=alpha)) }
  return(y)
  }

nreg = 100        # Number of cross sectional units
T = 50            # Number of observations per unit
nobs = nreg*T
nvar = 2          # Number of X variables
nz = 2            # Number of Z variables
              
## Construct the Z matrix
Z = cbind(rep(1,nreg), rnorm(nreg,mean=1,sd=0.125))

Delta = cbind(c(4,2), c(0.1,-1))
alpha = 5
Vbeta = rbind(c(2,1), c(1,2))

## Construct the regdata (containing X)
simnegbindata = NULL
for (i in 1:nreg) {
    betai = as.vector(Z[i,]%*%Delta) + chol(Vbeta)%*%rnorm(nvar)
    X = cbind(rep(1,T),rnorm(T,mean=2,sd=0.25))
    simnegbindata[[i]] = list(y=simnegbin(X,betai,alpha), X=X, beta=betai)
}

Beta = NULL
for (i in 1:nreg) {Beta = rbind(Beta,matrix(simnegbindata[[i]]$beta,nrow=1))}
Data1 = list(regdata=simnegbindata, Z=Z)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R)

out = rhierNegbinRw(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Delta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Deltadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Delta))

cat("Summary of Vbeta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Vbetadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Vbeta[upper.tri(Vbeta,diag=TRUE)]))

cat("Summary of alpha draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$alpha, tvalues=alpha)

## plotting examples
if(0){
  plot(out$betadraw)
  plot(out$alpha,tvalues=alpha)
  plot(out$Deltadraw,tvalues=as.vector(Delta))
}

Linear "IV" Model with DP Process Prior for Errors

Description

rivDP is a Gibbs Sampler for a linear structural equation with an arbitrary number of instruments. rivDP uses a mixture-of-normals for the structural and reduced form equations implemented with a Dirichlet Process prior.

Usage

rivDP(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, x, w, z)
Prior

list(md, Ad, mbg, Abg, lambda, Prioralpha, lambda_hyper)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, maxuniq, SCALE, gridsize)

Details

Model and Priors

x=z′δ+e1x = z'\delta + e1
y=β∗x+w′γ+e2y = \beta*x + w'\gamma + e2
e1,e2e1,e2 ∼\sim N(θi)N(\theta_{i}) where θi\theta_{i} represents μi,Σi\mu_{i}, \Sigma_{i}

Note: Error terms have non-zero means. DO NOT include intercepts in the zz or ww matrices. This is different from rivGibbs which requires intercepts to be included explicitly.

δ\delta ∼\sim N(md,Ad−1)N(md, Ad^{-1})
vec(β,γ)vec(\beta, \gamma) ∼\sim N(mbg,Abg−1)N(mbg, Abg^{-1})
θi\theta_{i} ∼\sim GG
GG ∼\sim DP(alpha,G0)DP(alpha, G_0)

alphaalpha ∼\sim (1−(alpha−alphamin)/(alphamax−alphamin))power(1-(alpha-alpha_{min})/(alpha_{max}-alpha{min}))^{power}
where alphaminalpha_{min} and alphamaxalpha_{max} are set using the arguments in the reference below. It is highly recommended that you use the default values for the hyperparameters of the prior on alpha.

G0G_0 is the natural conjugate prior for (μ,Σ)(\mu,\Sigma): Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu,vI)IW(nu, vI) and μ∣Σ\mu|\Sigma ∼\sim N(0,Σ(x)a−1)N(0, \Sigma(x) a^{-1})
These parameters are collected together in the list λ\lambda. It is highly recommended that you use the default settings for these hyper-parameters.

λ(a,nu,v):\lambda(a, nu, v):
aa ∼\sim uniform[alim[1], alimb[2]]
nunu ∼\sim dim(data)-1 + exp(z)
zz ∼\sim uniform[dim(data)-1+nulim[1], nulim[2]]
vv ∼\sim uniform[vlim[1], vlim[2]]

Argument Details

Data = list(y, x, w, z)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of obs on LHS variable in structural equation
x: nx1n x 1 vector of obs on "endogenous" variable in structural equation
w: nxjn x j matrix of obs on "exogenous" variables in the structural equation
z: nxpn x p matrix of obs on instruments

Prior = list(md, Ad, mbg, Abg, lambda, Prioralpha, lambda_hyper) [optional]

md: pp-length prior mean of delta (def: 0)
Ad: pxpp x p PDS prior precision matrix for prior on delta (def: 0.01*I)
mbg: (j+1)(j+1)-length prior mean vector for prior on beta,gamma (def: 0)
Abg: (j+1)x(j+1)(j+1)x(j+1) PDS prior precision matrix for prior on beta,gamma (def: 0.01*I)
Prioralpha: list(Istarmin, Istarmax, power)
$Istarmin: is expected number of components at lower bound of support of alpha (def: 1)
$Istarmax: is expected number of components at upper bound of support of alpha (def: floor(0.1*length(y)))
$power: is the power parameter for alpha prior (def: 0.8)
lambda_hyper: list(alim, nulim, vlim)
$alim: defines support of a distribution (def: c(0.01, 10))
$nulim: defines support of nu distribution (def: c(0.01, 3))
$vlim: defines support of v distribution (def: c(0.1, 4))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, maxuniq, SCALE, gridsize) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter: keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
maxuniq: storage constraint on the number of unique components (def: 200)
SCALE: scale data (def: TRUE)
gridsize: gridsize parameter for alpha draws (def: 20)

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component (here, a one-column matrix of 1s)
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to (here, null)
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

deltadraw

R/keepxpR/keep x p array of delta draws
betadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of beta draws
alphadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of draws of Dirichlet Process tightness parameter
Istardraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of draws of the number of unique normal components
gammadraw

R/keepxjR/keep x j array of gamma draws
nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see "A Semi-Parametric Bayesian Approach to the Instrumental Variable Problem," by Conley, Hansen, McCulloch and Rossi, Journal of Econometrics (2008).

See also, Chapter 4, Bayesian Non- and Semi-parametric Methods and Applications by Peter Rossi.

See Also

rivGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

## simulate scaled log-normal errors and run
k = 10
delta = 1.5
Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.6, 0.6, 1), ncol=2)
N = 1000
tbeta = 4
scalefactor = 0.6
root = chol(scalefactor*Sigma)
mu = c(1,1)

## compute interquartile ranges
ninterq = qnorm(0.75) - qnorm(0.25)
error = matrix(rnorm(100000*2), ncol=2)%*%root
error = t(t(error)+mu)
Err = t(t(exp(error))-exp(mu+0.5*scalefactor*diag(Sigma)))
lnNinterq = quantile(Err[,1], prob=0.75) - quantile(Err[,1], prob=0.25)

## simulate data
error = matrix(rnorm(N*2), ncol=2)%*%root
error = t(t(error)+mu)
Err = t(t(exp(error))-exp(mu+0.5*scalefactor*diag(Sigma)))

## scale appropriately  
Err[,1] = Err[,1]*ninterq/lnNinterq
Err[,2] = Err[,2]*ninterq/lnNinterq
z = matrix(runif(k*N), ncol=k)
x = z%*%(delta*c(rep(1,k))) + Err[,1]
y = x*tbeta + Err[,2]

## specify data input and mcmc parameters
Data = list(); 
Data$z = z
Data$x = x
Data$y = y

Mcmc = list()
Mcmc$maxuniq = 100
Mcmc$R = R
end = Mcmc$R

out = rivDP(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)

cat("Summary of Beta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=tbeta)

## plotting examples
if(0){
  plot(out$betadraw, tvalues=tbeta)
  plot(out$nmix)  # plot "fitted" density of the errors
}

Gibbs Sampler for Linear "IV" Model

Description

rivGibbs is a Gibbs Sampler for a linear structural equation with an arbitrary number of instruments.

Usage

rivGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, x, w, z)
Prior

list(md, Ad, mbg, Abg, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

x=z′δ+e1x = z'\delta + e1
y=β∗x+w′γ+e2y = \beta*x + w'\gamma + e2
e1,e2e1,e2 ∼\sim N(0,Σ)N(0, \Sigma)

Note: if intercepts are desired in either equation, include vector of ones in zz or ww

δ\delta ∼\sim N(md,Ad−1)N(md, Ad^{-1})
vec(β,γ)vec(\beta,\gamma) ∼\sim N(mbg,Abg−1)N(mbg, Abg^{-1})
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)

Argument Details

Data = list(y, x, w, z)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of obs on LHS variable in structural equation
x: nx1n x 1 vector of obs on "endogenous" variable in structural equation
w: nxjn x j matrix of obs on "exogenous" variables in the structural equation
z: nxpn x p matrix of obs on instruments

Prior = list(md, Ad, mbg, Abg, nu, V) [optional]

md: pp-length prior mean of delta (def: 0)
Ad: pxpp x p PDS prior precision matrix for prior on delta (def: 0.01*I)
mbg: (j+1)(j+1)-length prior mean vector for prior on beta,gamma (def: 0)
Abg: (j+1)x(j+1)(j+1)x(j+1) PDS prior precision matrix for prior on beta,gamma (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Wishart prior on Sigma (def: 5)
V: 2x22 x 2 location matrix for Inverted Wishart prior on Sigma (def: nu*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter: keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

deltadraw

R/keepxpR/keep x p matrix of delta draws
betadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of beta draws
gammadraw

R/keepxjR/keep x j matrix of gamma draws
Sigmadraw

R/keepx4R/keep x 4 matrix of Sigma draws – each row is the vector form of Sigma

Author(s)

Rob McCulloch and Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

simIV = function(delta, beta, Sigma, n, z, w, gamma) {
  eps = matrix(rnorm(2*n),ncol=2) %*% chol(Sigma)
  x = z%*%delta + eps[,1]
  y = beta*x + eps[,2] + w%*%gamma
  list(x=as.vector(x), y=as.vector(y)) 
  }
  
n = 200
p=1 # number of instruments
z = cbind(rep(1,n), matrix(runif(n*p),ncol=p))
w = matrix(1,n,1)
rho = 0.8
Sigma = matrix(c(1,rho,rho,1), ncol=2)
delta = c(1,4)
beta = 0.5
gamma = c(1)
simiv = simIV(delta, beta, Sigma, n, z, w, gamma)

Data1 = list(); Data1$z = z; Data1$w=w; Data1$x=simiv$x; Data1$y=simiv$y
Mcmc1=list(); Mcmc1$R = R; Mcmc1$keep=1

out = rivGibbs(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Beta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)

cat("Summary of Sigma draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Sigmadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Sigma[upper.tri(Sigma,diag=TRUE)]))

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}

Gibbs Sampler for Normal Mixtures w/o Error Checking

Description

rmixGibbs makes one draw using the Gibbs Sampler for a mixture of multivariate normals. rmixGibbs is not designed to be called directly. Instead, use rnmixGibbs wrapper function.

Usage

rmixGibbs(y, Bbar, A, nu, V, a, p, z)

Arguments

y

data array where rows are obs

Bbar

prior mean for mean vector of each norm comp

A

prior precision parameter
nu

prior d.f. parm

V

prior location matrix for covariance prior

a

Dirichlet prior parms

p

prior prob of each mixture component

z

component identities for each observation – "indicators"

Value

a list containing:

p

draw of mixture probabilities
z

draw of indicators of each component
comps

new draw of normal component parameters

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Rob McCulloch (Arizona State University) and Peter Rossi (Anderson School, UCLA), [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 5 Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rnmixGibbs

Draw from Mixture of Normals

Description

rmixture simulates iid draws from a Multivariate Mixture of Normals

Usage

rmixture(n, pvec, comps)

Arguments

n

number of observations

pvec

ncompx1ncomp x 1 vector of prior probabilities for each mixture component

comps

list of mixture component parameters

Details

comps is a list of length ncomp with ncomp = length(pvec).
comps[[j]][[1]] is mean vector for the jjth component.
comps[[j]][[2]] is the inverse of the cholesky root of Σ\Sigma for jjth component

Value

A list containing:

x:

an nxn x length(comps[[1]][[1]]) array of iid draws

z:

an nx1n x 1 vector of indicators of which component each draw is taken from

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

rnmixGibbs

MCMC Algorithm for Multinomial Logit Model

Description

rmnlIndepMetrop implements Independence Metropolis algorithm for the multinomial logit (MNL) model.

Usage

rmnlIndepMetrop(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X, p)
Prior

list(A, betabar)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, nu)

Details

Model and Priors

y ∼\sim MNL(X, β\beta)
Pr(y=j)=exp(xj′β)/∑kexk′βPr(y=j) = exp(x_j'\beta)/\sum_k{e^{x_k'\beta}}

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X, p)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of multinomial outcomes (1, ..., p)
X: n∗pxkn*p x k matrix
p: number of alternatives

Prior = list(A, betabar) [optional]

A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, nu) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
nu: d.f. parameter for independent t density (def: 6)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxkR/keep x k matrix of beta draws
loglike

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of log-likelihood values evaluated at each draw
acceptr

acceptance rate of Metropolis draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rhierMnlRwMixture

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

simmnl = function(p, n, beta) {
  ## note: create X array with 2 alt.spec vars
    k = length(beta)
    X1 = matrix(runif(n*p,min=-1,max=1), ncol=p)
    X2 = matrix(runif(n*p,min=-1,max=1), ncol=p)
    X = createX(p, na=2, nd=NULL, Xd=NULL, Xa=cbind(X1,X2), base=1)
    Xbeta = X%*%beta 
  ## now do probs
    p = nrow(Xbeta) / n
    Xbeta = matrix(Xbeta, byrow=TRUE, ncol=p)
    Prob = exp(Xbeta)
    iota = c(rep(1,p))
    denom = Prob%*%iota
    Prob = Prob / as.vector(denom)
  ## draw y
    y = vector("double",n)
    ind = 1:p
    for (i in 1:n) { 
      yvec = rmultinom(1, 1, Prob[i,])
      y[i] = ind%*%yvec 
    }
  return(list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta, prob=Prob))
}

n = 200
p = 3
beta = c(1, -1, 1.5, 0.5)

simout = simmnl(p,n,beta)

Data1 = list(y=simout$y, X=simout$X, p=p)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rmnlIndepMetrop(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of beta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}

Gibbs Sampler for Multinomial Probit

Description

rmnpGibbs implements the McCulloch/Rossi Gibbs Sampler for the multinomial probit model.

Usage

rmnpGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X, p)
Prior

list(betabar, A, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, beta0, sigma0)

Details

Model and Priors

wi=Xiβ+ew_i = X_i\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,Σ)N(0, \Sigma). Note: wiw_i and ee are (p−1)x1(p-1) x 1.
yi=jy_i = j if wij>max(0,wi,−j)w_{ij} > max(0,w_{i,-j}) for j=1,…,p−1j=1, \ldots, p-1 and where wi,−jw_{i,-j} means elements of wiw_i other than the jjth.
yi=py_i = p, if all wi<0w_i < 0

β\beta is not identified. However, β\beta/sqrt(σ11\sigma_{11}) and Σ\Sigma/σ11\sigma_{11} are identified. See reference or example below for details.

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar,A^{-1})
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu,V)

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X, p)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of multinomial outcomes (1, ..., p)
X: n∗(p−1)xkn*(p-1) x k design matrix. To make XX matrix use createX with DIFF=TRUE
p: number of alternatives

Prior = list(betabar, A, nu, V) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: (p-1)+3)
V: PDS location parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: nu*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, beta0, sigma0) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
beta0: initial value for beta (def: 0)
sigma0: initial value for sigma (def: I)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxkR/keep x k matrix of betadraws
sigmadraw

R/keepx(p−1)∗(p−1)R/keep x (p-1)*(p-1) matrix of sigma draws – each row is the vector form of sigma

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmvpGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

simmnp = function(X, p, n, beta, sigma) {
  indmax = function(x) {which(max(x)==x)}
  Xbeta = X%*%beta
  w = as.vector(crossprod(chol(sigma),matrix(rnorm((p-1)*n),ncol=n))) + Xbeta
  w = matrix(w, ncol=(p-1), byrow=TRUE)
  maxw = apply(w, 1, max)
  y = apply(w, 1, indmax)
  y = ifelse(maxw < 0, p, y)
  return(list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta, sigma=sigma))
}

p = 3
n = 500
beta = c(-1,1,1,2)
Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=2)
k = length(beta)
X1 = matrix(runif(n*p,min=0,max=2),ncol=p)
X2 = matrix(runif(n*p,min=0,max=2),ncol=p)
X = createX(p, na=2, nd=NULL, Xa=cbind(X1,X2), Xd=NULL, DIFF=TRUE, base=p)

simout = simmnp(X,p,500,beta,Sigma)

Data1 = list(p=p, y=simout$y, X=simout$X)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rmnpGibbs(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat(" Summary of Betadraws ", fill=TRUE)
betatilde = out$betadraw / sqrt(out$sigmadraw[,1])
attributes(betatilde)$class = "bayesm.mat"
summary(betatilde, tvalues=beta)

cat(" Summary of Sigmadraws ", fill=TRUE)
sigmadraw = out$sigmadraw / out$sigmadraw[,1]
attributes(sigmadraw)$class = "bayesm.var"
summary(sigmadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Sigma[upper.tri(Sigma,diag=TRUE)]))

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(betatilde,tvalues=beta)}

Draw from the Posterior of a Multivariate Regression

Description

rmultireg draws from the posterior of a Multivariate Regression model with a natural conjugate prior.

Usage

rmultireg(Y, X, Bbar, A, nu, V)

Arguments

Y

nxmn x m matrix of observations on m dep vars

X

nxkn x k matrix of observations on indep vars (supply intercept)

Bbar

kxmk x m matrix of prior mean of regression coefficients

A

kxkk x k Prior precision matrix

nu

d.f. parameter for Sigma

V

mxmm x m pdf location parameter for prior on Sigma

Details

Model:
Y=XB+UY = XB + U with cov(ui)=Σcov(u_i) = \Sigma
BB is kxmk x m matrix of coefficients; Σ\Sigma is mxmm x m covariance matrix.

Priors:
β\beta | Σ\Sigma ∼\sim N(betabar,Σ(x)A−1)N(betabar, \Sigma(x) A^{-1})
betabar=vec(Bbar)betabar = vec(Bbar); β=vec(B)\beta = vec(B)
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu, V)

Value

A list of the components of a draw from the posterior

B

draw of regression coefficient matrix

Sigma

draw of Sigma

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

n =200
m = 2
X = cbind(rep(1,n),runif(n))
k = ncol(X)
B = matrix(c(1,2,-1,3), ncol=m)
Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=m)
RSigma = chol(Sigma)
Y = X%*%B + matrix(rnorm(m*n),ncol=m)%*%RSigma

betabar = rep(0,k*m)
Bbar = matrix(betabar, ncol=m)
A = diag(rep(0.01,k))
nu = 3
V = nu*diag(m)

betadraw = matrix(double(R*k*m), ncol=k*m)
Sigmadraw = matrix(double(R*m*m), ncol=m*m)

for (rep in 1:R) {
  out = rmultireg(Y, X, Bbar, A, nu, V)
  betadraw[rep,] = out$B
  Sigmadraw[rep,] = out$Sigma
  }

cat(" Betadraws ", fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(betadraw, 2, quantile, probs=c(0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 0.95, 0.99))
mat = rbind(as.vector(B),mat)
rownames(mat)[1] = "beta"
print(mat)

cat(" Sigma draws", fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(Sigmadraw, 2 ,quantile, probs=c(0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 0.95, 0.99))
mat = rbind(as.vector(Sigma),mat); rownames(mat)[1]="Sigma"
print(mat)

Gibbs Sampler for Multivariate Probit

Description

rmvpGibbs implements the Edwards/Allenby Gibbs Sampler for the multivariate probit model.

Usage

rmvpGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X, p)
Prior

list(betabar, A, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, beta0 ,sigma0)

Details

Model and Priors

wi=Xiβ+ew_i = X_i\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,Σ\Sigma). Note: wiw_i is px1p x 1.
yij=1y_{ij} = 1 if wij>0w_{ij} > 0, else yi=0y_i = 0. j=1,…,pj = 1, \ldots, p

beta and Sigma are not identifed. Correlation matrix and the betas divided by the appropriate standard deviation are. See reference or example below for details.

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)

To make XX matrix use createX

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X, p)

X: n∗pxkn*p x k Design Matrix
y: n∗px1n*p x 1 vector of 0/1 outcomes
p: dimension of multivariate probit

Prior = list(betabar, A, nu, V) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: (p-1)+3)
V: PDS location parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: nu*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, beta0 ,sigma0) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
beta0: initial value for beta
sigma0: initial value for sigma

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxkR/keep x k matrix of betadraws
sigmadraw

R/keepxp∗pR/keep x p*p matrix of sigma draws – each row is the vector form of sigma

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmnpGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

simmvp = function(X, p, n, beta, sigma) {
  w = as.vector(crossprod(chol(sigma),matrix(rnorm(p*n),ncol=n))) + X%*%beta
  y = ifelse(w<0, 0, 1)
  return(list(y=y, X=X, beta=beta, sigma=sigma))
}

p = 3
n = 500
beta = c(-2,0,2)
Sigma = matrix(c(1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1), ncol=3)
k = length(beta)
I2 = diag(rep(1,p))
xadd = rbind(I2)
for(i in 2:n) { xadd=rbind(xadd,I2) }
X = xadd

simout = simmvp(X,p,500,beta,Sigma)

Data1 = list(p=p, y=simout$y, X=simout$X)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rmvpGibbs(Data=Data1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

ind = seq(from=0, by=p, length=k)
inda = 1:3
ind = ind + inda
cat(" Betadraws ", fill=TRUE)
betatilde = out$betadraw / sqrt(out$sigmadraw[,ind])
attributes(betatilde)$class = "bayesm.mat"
summary(betatilde, tvalues=beta/sqrt(diag(Sigma)))

rdraw = matrix(double((R)*p*p), ncol=p*p)
rdraw = t(apply(out$sigmadraw, 1, nmat))
attributes(rdraw)$class = "bayesm.var"
tvalue = nmat(as.vector(Sigma))
dim(tvalue) = c(p,p)
tvalue = as.vector(tvalue[upper.tri(tvalue,diag=TRUE)])
cat(" Draws of Correlation Matrix ", fill=TRUE)
summary(rdraw, tvalues=tvalue)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(betatilde, tvalues=beta/sqrt(diag(Sigma)))}

Draw from Multivariate Student-t

Description

rmvst draws from a multivariate student-t distribution.

Usage

rmvst(nu, mu, root)

Arguments

nu

d.f. parameter

mu

mean vector

root

Upper Tri Cholesky Root of Sigma

Value

length(mu) draw vector

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

lndMvst

Examples

set.seed(66)
rmvst(nu=5, mu=c(rep(0,2)), root=chol(matrix(c(2,1,1,2), ncol=2)))

MCMC Algorithm for Negative Binomial Regression

Description

rnegbinRw implements a Random Walk Metropolis Algorithm for the Negative Binomial (NBD) regression model where β∣α\beta|\alpha and α∣β\alpha|\beta are drawn with two different random walks.

Usage

rnegbinRw(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X)
Prior

list(betabar, A, a, b)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, s_beta, s_alpha, beta0, alpha)

Details

Model and Priors

yy ∼\sim NBD(mean=λ,over−dispersion=alpha)NBD(mean=\lambda, over-dispersion=alpha)
λ=exp(x′β)\lambda = exp(x'\beta)

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})
alphaalpha ∼\sim Gamma(a,b)Gamma(a, b) (unless Mcmc$alpha specified)
Note: prior mean of alpha=a/balpha = a/b, variance=a/(b2)variance = a/(b^2)

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of counts (0,1,2,…0,1,2,\ldots)
X: nxkn x k design matrix

Prior = list(betabar, A, a, b) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k PDS prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
a: Gamma prior parameter (not used if Mcmc$alpha specified) (def: 0.5)
b: Gamma prior parameter (not used if Mcmc$alpha specified) (def: 0.1)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, s_beta, s_alpha, beta0, alpha) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
s_beta: scaling for beta | alpha RW inc cov matrix (def: 2.93/sqrt(k))
s_alpha: scaling for alpha | beta RW inc cov matrix (def: 2.93)
alpha: over-dispersion parameter (def: alpha ~ Gamma(a,b))

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxkR/keep x k matrix of beta draws
alphadraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of alpha draws
llike

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of log-likelihood values evaluated at each draw
acceptrbeta

acceptance rate of the beta draws
acceptralpha

acceptance rate of the alpha draws

Note

The NBD regression encompasses Poisson regression in the sense that as alpha goes to infinity the NBD distribution tends toward the Poisson. For "small" values of alpha, the dependent variable can be extremely variable so that a large number of observations may be required to obtain precise inferences.

Author(s)

Sridhar Narayanan (Stanford GSB) and Peter Rossi (Anderson School, UCLA), [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, McCulloch.

See Also

rhierNegbinRw

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0)  {R=1000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

simnegbin = function(X, beta, alpha) {
  # Simulate from the Negative Binomial Regression
  lambda = exp(X%*%beta)
  y = NULL
  for (j in 1:length(lambda)) { y = c(y, rnbinom(1, mu=lambda[j], size=alpha)) }
  return(y)
}

nobs = 500
nvar = 2 # Number of X variables
alpha = 5
Vbeta = diag(nvar)*0.01

# Construct the regdata (containing X)
simnegbindata = NULL
beta = c(0.6, 0.2)
X = cbind(rep(1,nobs), rnorm(nobs,mean=2,sd=0.5))
simnegbindata = list(y=simnegbin(X,beta,alpha), X=X, beta=beta)

Data1 = simnegbindata
Mcmc1 = list(R=R)

out = rnegbinRw(Data=Data1, Mcmc=list(R=R))

cat("Summary of alpha/beta draw", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$alphadraw, tvalues=alpha)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}

Gibbs Sampler for Normal Mixtures

Description

rnmixGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler for normal mixtures.

Usage

rnmixGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y)
Prior

list(Mubar, A, nu, V, a, ncomp)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, Loglike)

Details

Model and Priors

yiy_i ∼\sim N(μindi,Σindi)N(\mu_{ind_i}, \Sigma_{ind_i})
ind ∼\sim iid multinomial(p) with pp an ncompx1ncomp x 1 vector of probs

μj\mu_j ∼\sim N(mubar,Σj(x)A−1)N(mubar, \Sigma_j (x) A^{-1}) with mubar=vec(Mubar)mubar=vec(Mubar)
Σj\Sigma_j ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)
Note: this is the natural conjugate prior – a special case of multivariate regression

pp ∼\sim Dirchlet(a)

Argument Details

Data = list(y)

y: nxkn x k matrix of data (rows are obs)

Prior = list(Mubar, A, nu, V, a, ncomp) [only ncomp required]

Mubar: 1xk1 x k vector with prior mean of normal component means (def: 0)
A: 1x11 x 1 precision parameter for prior on mean of normal component (def: 0.01)
nu: d.f. parameter for prior on Sigma (normal component cov matrix) (def: k+3)
V: kxkk x k location matrix of IW prior on Sigma (def: nu*I)
a: ncompx1ncomp x 1 vector of Dirichlet prior parameters (def: rep(5,ncomp))
ncomp: number of normal components to be included

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, Loglike) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
LogLike: logical flag for whether to compute the log-likelihood (def: FALSE)

nmix Details

nmix is a list with 3 components. Several functions in the bayesm package that involve a Dirichlet Process or mixture-of-normals return nmix. Across these functions, a common structure is used for nmix in order to utilize generic summary and plotting functions.

probdraw: ncompxR/keepncomp x R/keep matrix that reports the probability that each draw came from a particular component
zdraw: R/keepxnobsR/keep x nobs matrix that indicates which component each draw is assigned to
compdraw: A list of R/keepR/keep lists of ncompncomp lists. Each of the inner-most lists has 2 elemens: a vector of draws for mu and a matrix of draws for the Cholesky root of Sigma.

Value

A list containing:

ll

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of log-likelihood values
nmix

a list containing: probdraw, zdraw, compdraw (see “nmix Details” section)

Note

In this model, the component normal parameters are not-identified due to label-switching. However, the fitted mixture of normals density is identified as it is invariant to label-switching. See chapter 5 of Rossi et al below for details.

Use eMixMargDen or momMix to compute posterior expectation or distribution of various identified parameters.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmixture, rmixGibbs ,eMixMargDen, momMix, mixDen, mixDenBi

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

dim = 5
k = 3   # dimension of simulated data and number of "true" components
sigma = matrix(rep(0.5,dim^2), nrow=dim)
diag(sigma) = 1
sigfac = c(1,1,1)
mufac = c(1,2,3)
compsmv = list()
for(i in 1:k) compsmv[[i]] = list(mu=mufac[i]*1:dim, sigma=sigfac[i]*sigma)

# change to "rooti" scale
comps = list() 
for(i in 1:k) comps[[i]] = list(mu=compsmv[[i]][[1]], rooti=solve(chol(compsmv[[i]][[2]])))
pvec = (1:k) / sum(1:k)

nobs = 500
dm = rmixture(nobs, pvec, comps)

Data1 = list(y=dm$x)
ncomp = 9
Prior1 = list(ncomp=ncomp)
Mcmc1 = list(R=R, keep=1)

out = rnmixGibbs(Data=Data1, Prior=Prior1, Mcmc=Mcmc1)

cat("Summary of Normal Mixture Distribution", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$nmix)

tmom = momMix(matrix(pvec,nrow=1), list(comps))
mat = rbind(tmom$mu, tmom$sd)
cat(" True Mean/Std Dev", fill=TRUE)
print(mat)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$nmix,Data=dm$x)}

Gibbs Sampler for Ordered Probit

Description

rordprobitGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler for the ordered probit model with a RW Metropolis step for the cut-offs.

Usage

rordprobitGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X, k)
Prior

list(betabar, A, dstarbar, Ad)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, s)

Details

Model and Priors

z=Xβ+ez = X\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,I)N(0, I)
y=ky = k if c[k] ≤z<\le z < c[k+1] with k=1,…,Kk = 1,\ldots,K
cutoffs = {c[1], …\ldots, c[k+1]}

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})
dstardstar ∼\sim N(dstarbar,Ad−1)N(dstarbar, Ad^{-1})

Be careful in assessing prior parameter Ad: 0.1 is too small for many applications.

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X, k)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of observations, (1,…,k1, \ldots, k)
X: nxpn x p Design Matrix
k: the largest possible value of y

Prior = list(betabar, A, dstarbar, Ad) [optional]

betabar: px1p x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: pxpp x p prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
dstarbar: ndstarx1ndstar x 1 prior mean, where ndstar=k−2ndstar=k-2 (def: 0)
Ad: ndstarxndstarndstar x ndstar prior precision matrix (def: I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, s) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
s: scaling parameter for RW Metropolis (def: 2.93/sqrt(p))

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

R/keepxpR/keep x p matrix of betadraws
cutdraw

R/keepx(k−1)R/keep x (k-1) matrix of cutdraws
dstardraw

R/keepx(k−2)R/keep x (k-2) matrix of dstardraws
accept

acceptance rate of Metropolis draws for cut-offs

Note

set c[1] = -100 and c[k+1] = 100. c[2] is set to 0 for identification.

The relationship between cut-offs and dstar is:
c[3] = exp(dstar[1]),
c[4] = c[3] + exp(dstar[2]), ...,
c[k] = c[k-1] + exp(dstar[k-2])

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rbprobitGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

## simulate data for ordered probit model

simordprobit=function(X, betas, cutoff){
  z = X%*%betas + rnorm(nobs)   
  y = cut(z, br = cutoff, right=TRUE, include.lowest = TRUE, labels = FALSE)  
  return(list(y = y, X = X, k=(length(cutoff)-1), betas= betas, cutoff=cutoff ))
}

nobs = 300 
X = cbind(rep(1,nobs),runif(nobs, min=0, max=5),runif(nobs,min=0, max=5))
k = 5
betas = c(0.5, 1, -0.5)       
cutoff = c(-100, 0, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 100)
simout = simordprobit(X, betas, cutoff) 
  
Data=list(X=simout$X, y=simout$y, k=k)

## set Mcmc for ordered probit model
   
Mcmc = list(R=R)   
out = rordprobitGibbs(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)

cat(" ", fill=TRUE)
cat("acceptance rate= ", accept=out$accept, fill=TRUE)
 
## outputs of betadraw and cut-off draws
  
cat(" Summary of betadraws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=betas)
cat(" Summary of cut-off draws", fill=TRUE) 
summary(out$cutdraw, tvalues=cutoff[2:k])

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$cutdraw)}

MCMC Algorithm for Multivariate Ordinal Data with Scale Usage Heterogeneity

Description

rscaleUsage implements an MCMC algorithm for multivariate ordinal data with scale usage heterogeniety.

Usage

rscaleUsage(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(x, k)
Prior

list(nu, V, mubar, Am, gs, Lambdanu, LambdaV)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint, ndghk, e, y, mu, Sigma, sigma, tau, Lambda)

Details

Model and Priors

nn = nrow(x) individuals respond to pp = ncol(x) questions; all questions are on a scale 1,…,k1, \ldots, k for respondent ii and question jj,

xij=dx_{ij} = d if cd−1≤yij≤cdc_{d-1} \le y_{ij} \le c_d where d=1,…,kd = 1, \ldots, k and cd=a+bd+ed2c_d = a + bd + ed^2

yi=mu+taui∗iota+sigmai∗ziy_i = mu + tau_i*iota + sigma_i*z_i with ziz_i ∼\sim N(0,Sigma)N(0, Sigma)

(taui,ln(sigmai))(tau_i, ln(sigma_i)) ∼\sim N(ϕ,Lamda)N(\phi, Lamda)
ϕ=(0,lambda22)\phi = (0, lambda_{22})
mumu ∼\sim N(mubar,Am−1)N(mubar, Am^{-1})
SigmaSigma ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu, V)
LambdaLambda ∼\sim IW(Lambdanu,LambdaV)IW(Lambdanu, LambdaV)
ee ∼\sim unif on a grid

It is highly recommended that the user choose the default prior settings. If you wish to change prior settings and/or the grids used, please carefully read the case study listed in the reference below.

Argument Details

Data = list(x, k)

x: nxpn x p matrix of discrete responses
k: number of discrete rating scale options

Prior = list(nu, V, mubar, Am, gs, Lambdanu, LambdaV) [optional]

nu: d.f. parameter for Sigma prior (def: p + 3)
V: scale location matrix for Sigma prior (def: nu*I)
mubar: px1p x 1 vector of prior means (def: rep(k/2,p))
Am: pxpp x p prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
gs: grid size for sigma (def: 100)
Lambdanu: d.f. parameter for Lambda prior (def: 20)
LambdaV: scale location matrix for Lambda prior (def: (Lambdanu - 3)*Lambda)

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint, ndghk, e, y, mu, Sigma, sigma, tau, Lambda) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws (def: 1000)
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)
ndghk: number of draws for a GHK integration (def: 100)
e: initial value (def: 0)
y: initial values (def: x)
mu: initial values (def: apply(y,2,mean), a p-length vector)
Sigma: initial value (def: var(y))
sigma: initial values (def: rep(1,n))
tau: initial values (def: rep(0,n))
Lambda: initial values (def: matrix(c(4,0,0,.5),ncol=2))

Value

A list containing:

Sigmadraw

R/keepxp∗pR/keep x p*p matrix of Sigma draws – each row is the vector form of Sigma
mudraw

R/keepxpR/keep x p matrix of mu draws
taudraw

R/keepxnR/keep x n matrix of tau draws
sigmadraw

R/keepxnR/keep x n matrix of sigma draws
Lambdadraw

R/keepx4R/keep x 4 matrix of Lamda draws
edraw

R/keepx1R/keep x 1 vector of e draws

Warning

tauitau_i, sigmaisigma_i are identified from the scale usage patterns in the pp questions asked per respondent (# cols of xx). Do not attempt to use this on datasets with only a small number of total questions.

Author(s)

Rob McCulloch (Arizona State University) and Peter Rossi (Anderson School, UCLA), [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Case Study 3 on Overcoming Scale Usage Heterogeneity, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=1000} else {R=5} 
set.seed(66)

data(customerSat)
surveydat = list(k=10, x=as.matrix(customerSat))

out = rscaleUsage(Data=surveydat, Mcmc=list(R=R))
summary(out$mudraw)

Gibbs Sampler for Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR)

Description

rsurGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler to draw from the posterior of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) Model of Zellner.

Usage

rsurGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(regdata)
Prior

list(betabar, A, nu, V)
Mcmc

list(R, keep)

Details

Model and Priors

yi=Xiβi+eiy_i = X_i\beta_i + e_i with i=1,…,mi=1,\ldots,m for mm regressions
(e(k,1),…,e(k,m)e(k,1), \ldots, e(k,m))' ∼\sim N(0,Σ)N(0, \Sigma) with k=1,…,nk=1, \ldots, n

Can be written as a stacked model:
y=Xβ+ey = X\beta + e where yy is a nobs∗mnobs*m vector and pp = length(beta) = sum(length(beta_i))

Note: must have the same number of observations (nn) in each equation but can have a different number of XX variables (pip_i) for each equation where p=∑pip = \sum p_i.

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu,V)IW(nu,V)

Argument Details

Data = list(regdata)

regdata: list of lists, regdata[[i]] = list(y=y_i, X=X_i), where y_i is nx1n x 1 and X_i is nxpin x p_i

Prior = list(betabar, A, nu, V) [optional]

betabar: px1p x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: pxpp x p prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: m+3)
V: mxmm x m scale parameter for Inverted Wishart prior (def: nu*I)

Mcmc = list(R, keep) [only R required]

R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

RxpR x p matrix of betadraws
Sigmadraw

Rx(m∗m)R x (m*m) array of Sigma draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

rmultireg

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=1000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

## simulate data from SUR
beta1 = c(1,2)
beta2 = c(1,-1,-2)
nobs = 100
nreg = 2
iota = c(rep(1, nobs))
X1 = cbind(iota, runif(nobs))
X2 = cbind(iota, runif(nobs), runif(nobs))
Sigma = matrix(c(0.5, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5), ncol=2)
U = chol(Sigma)
E = matrix(rnorm(2*nobs),ncol=2)%*%U
y1 = X1%*%beta1 + E[,1]
y2 = X2%*%beta2 + E[,2]

## run Gibbs Sampler
regdata = NULL
regdata[[1]] = list(y=y1, X=X1)
regdata[[2]] = list(y=y2, X=X2)

out = rsurGibbs(Data=list(regdata=regdata), Mcmc=list(R=R))

cat("Summary of beta draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=c(beta1,beta2))

cat("Summary of Sigmadraws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$Sigmadraw, tvalues=as.vector(Sigma[upper.tri(Sigma,diag=TRUE)]))

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw, tvalues=c(beta1,beta2))}

Draw from Truncated Univariate Normal

Description

rtrun draws from a truncated univariate normal distribution.

Usage

rtrun(mu, sigma, a, b)

Arguments

mu

mean

sigma

standard deviation

a

lower bound

b

upper bound

Details

Note that due to the vectorization of the rnorm and qnorm commands in R, all arguments can be vectors of equal length. This makes the inverse CDF method the most efficient to use in R.

Value

Draw (possibly a vector)

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

**Note also that rtrun is currently affected by the numerical accuracy of the inverse CDF function when trunctation points are far out in the tails of the distribution, where “far out” means ∣a−μ∣/σ>6|a - \mu| / \sigma > 6 and/or ∣b−μ∣/σ>6|b - \mu| / \sigma > 6. A fix will be implemented in a future version of bayesm.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

set.seed(66)
rtrun(mu=c(rep(0,10)), sigma=c(rep(1,10)), a=c(rep(0,10)), b=c(rep(2,10)))

IID Sampler for Univariate Regression

Description

runireg implements an iid sampler to draw from the posterior of a univariate regression with a conjugate prior.

Usage

runireg(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X)
Prior

list(betabar, A, nu, ssq)
Mcmc

list(R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

y=Xβ+ey = X\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,σ2)N(0, \sigma^2)

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,σ2∗A−1)N(betabar, \sigma^2*A^{-1})
σ2\sigma^2 ∼\sim (nu∗ssq)/χnu2(nu*ssq)/\chi^2_{nu}

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of observations
X: nxkn x k design matrix

Prior = list(betabar, A, nu, ssq) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Chi-square prior (def: 3)
ssq: scale parameter for Inverted Chi-square prior (def: var(y))

Mcmc = list(R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

R: number of draws
keep: thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

RxkR x k matrix of betadraws

sigmasqdraw

Rx1R x 1 vector of sigma-sq draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

runiregGibbs

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=2000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

n = 200
X = cbind(rep(1,n), runif(n))
beta = c(1,2)
sigsq = 0.25
y = X%*%beta + rnorm(n,sd=sqrt(sigsq))

out = runireg(Data=list(y=y,X=X), Mcmc=list(R=R))

cat("Summary of beta and Sigmasq draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)
summary(out$sigmasqdraw, tvalues=sigsq)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}

Gibbs Sampler for Univariate Regression

Description

runiregGibbs implements a Gibbs Sampler to draw from posterior of a univariate regression with a conditionally conjugate prior.

Usage

runiregGibbs(Data, Prior, Mcmc)

Arguments

Data

list(y, X)
Prior

list(betabar, A, nu, ssq)
Mcmc

list(sigmasq, R, keep, nprint)

Details

Model and Priors

y=Xβ+ey = X\beta + e with ee ∼\sim N(0,σ2)N(0, \sigma^2)

β\beta ∼\sim N(betabar,A−1)N(betabar, A^{-1})
σ2\sigma^2 ∼\sim (nu∗ssq)/χnu2(nu*ssq)/\chi^2_{nu}

Argument Details

Data = list(y, X)

y: nx1n x 1 vector of observations
X: nxkn x k design matrix

Prior = list(betabar, A, nu, ssq) [optional]

betabar: kx1k x 1 prior mean (def: 0)
A: kxkk x k prior precision matrix (def: 0.01*I)
nu: d.f. parameter for Inverted Chi-square prior (def: 3)
ssq: scale parameter for Inverted Chi-square prior (def: var(y))

Mcmc = list(sigmasq, R, keep, nprint) [only R required]

sigmasq: value for σ2\sigma^2 for first Gibbs sampler draw of β\beta|σ2\sigma^2
R: number of MCMC draws
keep: MCMC thinning parameter -- keep every keepth draw (def: 1)
nprint: print the estimated time remaining for every nprint'th draw (def: 100, set to 0 for no print)

Value

A list containing:

betadraw

RxkR x k matrix of betadraws

sigmasqdraw

Rx1R x 1 vector of sigma-sq draws

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 3, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

runireg

Examples

if(nchar(Sys.getenv("LONG_TEST")) != 0) {R=1000} else {R=10}
set.seed(66)

n = 200
X = cbind(rep(1,n), runif(n))
beta = c(1,2)
sigsq = 0.25
y = X%*%beta + rnorm(n,sd=sqrt(sigsq))

out = runiregGibbs(Data=list(y=y, X=X), Mcmc=list(R=R))

cat("Summary of beta and Sigmasq draws", fill=TRUE)
summary(out$betadraw, tvalues=beta)
summary(out$sigmasqdraw, tvalues=sigsq)

## plotting examples
if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}

Draw from Wishart and Inverted Wishart Distribution

Description

rwishart draws from the Wishart and Inverted Wishart distributions.

Usage

rwishart(nu, V)

Arguments

nu

d.f. parameter
V

pds location matrix

Details

In the parameterization used here, WW ∼\sim W(nu,V)W(nu,V) with E[W]=nuVE[W]=nuV.

If you want to use an Inverted Wishart prior, you must invert the location matrix before calling rwishart, e.g.
Σ\Sigma ∼\sim IW(nu ,V); Σ−1\Sigma^{-1} ∼\sim W(nu,V−1)W(nu, V^{-1}).

Value

A list containing:

W:

Wishart draw

IW:

Inverted Wishart draw
C:

Upper tri root of W
CI:

inv(C), W−1W^{-1} = CICI'

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 2, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

set.seed(66)
rwishart(5,diag(3))$IW

Survey Data on Brands of Scotch Consumed

Description

Data from Simmons Survey. Brands used in last year for those respondents who report consuming scotch.

Usage

data(Scotch)

Format

A data frame with 2218 observations on 21 brand variables.
All variables are numeric vectors that are coded 1 if consumed in last year, 0 if not.

Source

Edwards, Yancy and Greg Allenby (2003), "Multivariate Analysis of Multiple Response Data," Journal of Marketing Research 40, 321–334.

References

Chapter 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(Scotch)
cat(" Frequencies of Brands", fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(Scotch), 2, mean)
print(mat)


## use Scotch data to run Multivariate Probit Model
if(0) {
  y = as.matrix(Scotch)
  p = ncol(y)
  n = nrow(y)
  dimnames(y) = NULL
  y = as.vector(t(y))
  y = as.integer(y)
  I_p = diag(p)
  X = rep(I_p,n)
  X = matrix(X, nrow=p)
  X = t(X)
  
  R = 2000
  Data = list(p=p, X=X, y=y)
  Mcmc = list(R=R)
  
  set.seed(66)
  out = rmvpGibbs(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)
  
  ind = (0:(p-1))*p + (1:p)
  cat(" Betadraws ", fill=TRUE)
  mat = apply(out$betadraw/sqrt(out$sigmadraw[,ind]), 2 , quantile, 
        probs=c(0.01, 0.05, 0.5, 0.95, 0.99))
  attributes(mat)$class = "bayesm.mat"
  summary(mat)
  
  rdraw = matrix(double((R)*p*p), ncol=p*p)
  rdraw = t(apply(out$sigmadraw, 1, nmat))
  attributes(rdraw)$class = "bayesm.var"
  cat(" Draws of Correlation Matrix ", fill=TRUE)
  summary(rdraw)
}

Simulate from Non-homothetic Logit Model

Description

simnhlogit simulates from the non-homothetic logit model.

Usage

simnhlogit(theta, lnprices, Xexpend)

Arguments

theta

coefficient vector

lnprices

nxpn x p array of prices

Xexpend

nxkn x k array of values of expenditure variables

Details

For details on parameterization, see llnhlogit.

Value

A list containing:

y

nx1n x 1 vector of multinomial outcomes (1,…,p1,\ldots,p)
Xexpend

expenditure variables
lnprices

price array

theta

coefficients
prob

nxpn x p array of choice probabilities

Warning

This routine is a utility routine that does not check the input arguments for proper dimensions and type.

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

References

For further discussion, see Chapter 4, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

See Also

llnhlogit

Examples

N = 1000
p = 3
k = 1

theta = c(rep(1,p), seq(from=-1,to=1,length=p), rep(2,k), 0.5)
lnprices = matrix(runif(N*p), ncol=p)
Xexpend  = matrix(runif(N*k), ncol=k)

simdata = simnhlogit(theta, lnprices, Xexpend)

Summarize Mcmc Parameter Draws

Description

summary.bayesm.mat is an S3 method to summarize marginal distributions given an array of draws

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.mat'
summary(object, names, burnin = trunc(0.1 * nrow(X)), 
  tvalues, QUANTILES = TRUE, TRAILER = TRUE,...)

Arguments

object

object (hereafter X) is an array of draws, usually an object of class bayesm.mat
names

optional character vector of names for the columns of X
burnin

number of draws to burn-in (def: 0.1∗nrow(X)0.1*nrow(X))
tvalues

optional vector of "true" values for use in simulation examples

QUANTILES

logical for should quantiles be displayed (def: TRUE)
TRAILER

logical for should a trailer be displayed (def: TRUE)
...

optional arguments for generic function

Details

Typically, summary.bayesm.nmix will be invoked by a call to the generic summary function as in summary(object) where object is of class bayesm.mat. Mean, Std Dev, Numerical Standard error (of estimate of posterior mean), relative numerical efficiency (see numEff), and effective sample size are displayed. If QUANTILES=TRUE, quantiles of marginal distirbutions in the columns of XX are displayed.

summary.bayesm.mat is also exported for direct use as a standard function, as in summary.bayesm.mat(matrix).

summary.bayesm.mat(matrix) returns (invisibly) the array of the various summary statistics for further use. To assess this array usestats=summary(Drawmat).

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

summary.bayesm.var, summary.bayesm.nmix

Examples

## Not run: out=rmnpGibbs(Data,Prior,Mcmc); summary(out$betadraw)

Summarize Draws of Normal Mixture Components

Description

summary.bayesm.nmix is an S3 method to display summaries of the distribution implied by draws of Normal Mixture Components. Posterior means and variance-covariance matrices are displayed.

Note: 1st and 2nd moments may not be very interpretable for mixtures of normals. This summary function can take a minute or so. The current implementation is not efficient.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.nmix'
summary(object, names, burnin=trunc(0.1*nrow(probdraw)), ...)

Arguments

object

an object of class bayesm.nmix, a list of lists of draws
names

optional character vector of names fo reach dimension of the density
burnin

number of draws to burn-in (def: 0.1∗nrow(probdraw)0.1*nrow(probdraw))
...

parms to send to summary

Details

An object of class bayesm.nmix is a list of three components:

probdraw

a matrix of R/keepR/keep rows by dim of normal mix of mixture prob draws

second comp

not used

compdraw

list of list of lists with draws of mixture comp parms

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

summary.bayesm.mat, summary.bayesm.var

Examples

## Not run: out=rnmix(Data,Prior,Mcmc); summary(out)

Summarize Draws of Var-Cov Matrices

Description

summary.bayesm.var is an S3 method to summarize marginal distributions given an array of draws

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bayesm.var'
summary(object, names, burnin = trunc(0.1 * nrow(Vard)), tvalues, QUANTILES = FALSE , ...)

Arguments

object

object (herafter, Vard) is an array of draws of a covariance matrix

names

optional character vector of names for the columns of Vard
burnin

number of draws to burn-in (def: 0.1∗nrow(Vard)0.1*nrow(Vard))
tvalues

optional vector of "true" values for use in simulation examples

QUANTILES

logical for should quantiles be displayed (def: TRUE)
...

optional arguments for generic function

Details

Typically, summary.bayesm.var will be invoked by a call to the generic summary function as in summary(object) where object is of class bayesm.var. Mean, Std Dev, Numerical Standard error (of estimate of posterior mean), relative numerical efficiency (see numEff), and effective sample size are displayed. If QUANTILES=TRUE, quantiles of marginal distirbutions in the columns of Vard are displayed.

Vard is an array of draws of a covariance matrix stored as vectors. Each row is a different draw.

The posterior mean of the vector of standard deviations and the correlation matrix are also displayed

Author(s)

Peter Rossi, Anderson School, UCLA, [email protected].

See Also

summary.bayesm.mat, summary.bayesm.nmix

Examples

## Not run: out=rmnpGibbs(Data,Prior,Mcmc); summary(out$sigmadraw)

Canned Tuna Sales Data

Description

Volume of canned tuna sales as well as a measure of display activity, log price, and log wholesale price. Weekly data aggregated to the chain level. This data is extracted from the Dominick's Finer Foods database maintained by the Kilts Center for Marketing at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. Brands are seven of the top 10 UPCs in the canned tuna product category.

Usage

data(tuna)

Format

A data frame with 338 observations on 30 variables.

...$WEEK a numeric vector
...$MOVE# unit sales of brand #
...$NSALE# a measure of display activity of brand #
...$LPRICE# log of price of brand #
...$LWHPRIC# log of wholesale price of brand #
...$FULLCUST total customers visits

The brands are:

1. Star Kist 6 oz.
2. Chicken of the Sea 6 oz.
3. Bumble Bee Solid 6.12 oz.
4. Bumble Bee Chunk 6.12 oz.
5. Geisha 6 oz.
6. Bumble Bee Large Cans.
7. HH Chunk Lite 6.5 oz.

Source

Chevalier, Judith, Anil Kashyap, and Peter Rossi (2003), "Why Don't Prices Rise During Periods of Peak Demand? Evidence from Scanner Data," The American Economic Review , 93(1), 15–37.

References

Chapter 7, Bayesian Statistics and Marketing by Rossi, Allenby, and McCulloch.

Examples

data(tuna)
cat(" Quantiles of sales", fill=TRUE)
mat = apply(as.matrix(tuna[,2:5]), 2, quantile)
print(mat)


## example of processing for use with rivGibbs
if(0) {
  data(tuna)                          
  t = dim(tuna)[1]    
  customers = tuna[,30]                 
  sales = tuna[,2:8]                                                        
  lnprice = tuna[,16:22]      
  lnwhPrice = tuna[,23:29]      
  share = sales/mean(customers)
  shareout = as.vector(1-rowSums(share))
  lnprob = log(share/shareout)  

  ## create w matrix
  I1 = as.matrix(rep(1,t))
  I0 = as.matrix(rep(0,t))
  intercept = rep(I1,4)
  brand1 = rbind(I1, I0, I0, I0)
  brand2 = rbind(I0, I1, I0, I0)
  brand3 = rbind(I0, I0, I1, I0)
  w = cbind(intercept, brand1, brand2, brand3)  
  
  ## choose brand 1 to 4
  y = as.vector(as.matrix(lnprob[,1:4]))
  X = as.vector(as.matrix(lnprice[,1:4]))
  lnwhPrice = as.vector(as.matrix(lnwhPrice[1:4]))
  z = cbind(w, lnwhPrice)
                        
  Data = list(z=z, w=w, x=X, y=y)
  Mcmc = list(R=R, keep=1)
  
  set.seed(66)
  out = rivGibbs(Data=Data, Mcmc=Mcmc)

  cat(" betadraws ", fill=TRUE)
  summary(out$betadraw)

  ## plotting examples
  if(0){plot(out$betadraw)}
}