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Utilities support biomass,\nsoil-loss, and carbon-stock estimation from field plots.\nSpatial extensions provide random, systematic, stratified, and\nraster-weighted sampling within geographic polygons using the\n'sf' and 'terra' packages, with extraction of remote-sensing\ncovariates at sample locations. 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Introduction", "2. Data Generation", "3. Probability Sampling Designs", "3.1 Simple Random Sampling", "3.2 Stratified Sampling", "3.3 Cluster Sampling", "3.4 Probability Proportional to Size (PPS)", "4. Non-Probability Sampling", "5. Estimation Methods", "5.1 Mean and Total Estimation", "5.2 Ratio and Regression Estimators", "5.3 Horvitz–Thompson Estimator", "5.4 Stratified Estimator", "6. NRM-Specific Applications", "6.1 Biomass and Carbon Estimation", "6.2 Soil Loss Estimation", "7. Sampling Efficiency", "8. Spatial Sampling (Optional)", "9. Recommended Workflow", "10. 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