Package 'aod' reference manual

Title:	Analysis of Overdispersed Data
Description:	Provides a set of functions to analyse overdispersed counts or proportions. Most of the methods are already available elsewhere but are scattered in different packages. The proposed functions should be considered as complements to more sophisticated methods such as generalized estimating equations (GEE) or generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMM).
Authors:	Matthieu Lesnoff <[email protected]> and Renaud Lancelot <[email protected]>
Maintainer:	Renaud Lancelot <[email protected]>
License:	GPL (>= 2)
Version:	1.3.3
Built:	2024-12-08 06:54:19 UTC
Source:	CRAN

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "aic"

Description

Representation of the output of function AIC.

Slots

istats

A data frame with 3 columns describing the models indicated by the row names:

df: number of parameters in the model

AIC: Akaike information criterion for the model (see AIC)

AICc: small-sample corrected Akaike information criterion for the model (see AIC).

Methods

summary: signature(object = "aic")
show: signature(object = "aic")

Akaike Information Criteria

Description

Extracts the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the corrected AIC (AICc) from fitted models of formal class “glimML” and possibly computes derived statistics.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
AIC(object, ..., k = 2)## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
AIC(object, ..., k = 2)

Arguments

`object`	fitted model of formal class “glimML” (functions `betabin` or `negbin`).
`...`	optional list of fitted models separated by commas.
`k`	numeric scalar, with a default value set to 2, thus providing the regular AIC.

Details

$AIC = -2~\mbox{log-likelihood} + 2*n_{par}$ , where $n_{par}$ represents the number of parameters in the fitted model.
$AICc = AIC + 2 * n_{par} * (n_{par} + 1) / (n_{obs} - n_{par} + 1)$ , where $n_{obs}$ is the number of observations used to compute the log-likelihood. It should be used when the number of fitted parameters is large compared to sample size, i.e., when $n_{obs} / n_{par} < 40$ (Hurvich and Tsai, 1995).

Methods

glimML: Extracts the AIC and AICc from models of formal class “glimML”, fitted by functions betabin and negbin.

References

Burnham, K.P., Anderson, D.R., 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. New-York, Springer-Verlag, 496 p.
Hurvich, C.M., Tsai, C.-L., 1995. Model selection for extended quasi-likelihood models in small samples. Biometrics, 51 (3): 1077-1084.

Likelihood-Ratio Tests for Nested ML Models

Description

Performs likelihood-ratio tests on nested models. Currently, one method was implemented for beta-binomial models (betabin) or negative-binomial models (negbin).

Usage

  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
anova(object, ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
anova(object, ...)

Arguments

`object`	Fitted model of class “glimML”.
`...`	Further models to be tested or arguments passed to the `print` function.

Details

The anova method for models of formal class “glimML” needs at least 2 nested models of the same type (either beta-binomial or negative-binomial models: they cannot be mixed). The quantity of interest is the deviance difference between the compared models: it is a log-likelihood ratio statistic. Under the null hypothesis that 2 nested models fit the data equally well, the deviance difference has an approximate $\chi^2$ distribution with degrees of freedom = the difference in the number of parameters between the compared models (Mc Cullagh and Nelder, 1989).

Value

An object of formal class “anova.glimML” with 3 slots:

models

A vector of character strings with each component giving the name of the models and the formulas for the fixed and random effects.

anova.table

A data frame containing the results. Row names correspond to the models.

logL	numeric	maximized log-likelihood
k	numeric	number of parameters in the model
AIC	numeric	Akaike information criterion for the model
AICc	numeric	Corrected Akaike information criterion for the model
BIC	numeric	Bayesian information criterion the model
Resid. dev.	numeric	Residual deviance
Resid. Df	numeric	df of the residuals
Test	character	Nested models which are tested
Deviance	numeric	Deviance difference between the 2 models
Df	numeric	df associated with deviance difference
P(> Chi2)	numeric	P value associated with H0.

type

A character chain indicating the kind of fitted model: “BB” for beta-binomial, or “NB” for negative-binomial model.

Warning

The comparison between 2 or more models will only be valid if they are fitted to the same data set.

References

McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A., 1989. Generalized linear models. London, Chapman & Hall, 511 p.
See Appendix C. Likelihood ratio statistics, p. 476-478.

Examples

  data(orob2)
  # likelihood ratio test for the effect of root
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  anova(fm1, fm2)
  data(orob2)
  # likelihood ratio test for the effect of root
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  anova(fm1, fm2)

Antibiotics against Shipping Fever in Calves

Description

Hypothetical drug trial to compare the effect of four antibiotics against Shipping fever in calves (Shoukri and Pause, 1999, Table 3.11).

Usage

data(antibio)data(antibio)

Format

A data frame with 24 observations on the following 3 variables.

treatment: A factor with levels 1, 2, 3 and 4
n: A numeric vector: the number of treated animals within a two-week period.
y: A numeric vector: the number of deaths at the end of the two weeks.

References

Shoukri, M.M., Pause, C.A., 1999, 2nd ed. Statistical methods for health sciences. CRC Press, London.

Analysis of Overdispersed Data

Description

This package provides a set of functions to analyse overdispersed counts or proportions. Most of the methods are already available elsewhere but are scattered in different packages. The proposed functions should be considered as complements to more sophisticated methods such as generalized estimating equations (GEE) or generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMM).

Details

Package:	aod
Version:	1.1-32
Date:	2010-04-02
Depends:	R (>= 2.0.0), methods, stats
Suggests:	MASS, nlme, boot
License:	GPL version 2 or newer
URL:	http://cran.r-project.org/package=aod
LazyLoad:	yes
LazyData:	yes

Index :

AIC-methods	Akaike Information Criteria
aic-class	Representation of Objects of Formal Class “aic”
anova-method	Likelihood-Ratio Tests for Nested ML Models
antibio	Antibiotics against Shipping Fever in Calves
betabin	Beta-Binomial Model for Proportions
coef-methods	Methods for Function “coef” in Package aod
cohorts	Data set: Age, Period and Cohort Effects for Vital Rates
deviance-methods	Methods for Function `deviance` in Package aod
df.residual-methods	Methods for Function `df.residual` in Package aod
dja	Mortality of Djallonke Lambs in Senegal
donner	Test of Proportion Homogeneity using Donner's Adjustment
drs-class	Representation of Objects of Formal Class “drs”
fitted-methods	Methods for Function `fitted` in Package aod
glimML-class	Representation of Models of Formal Class “glimML”
glimQL-class	Representation of Models of Formal Class “glimQL”
icc	Intra-Cluster Correlation
icc-class	Representation of Objects of Formal Class “icc”
invlink	Transformation from the Link Scale to the Observation Scale
link	Transformation from the Observation Scale to the Link Scale
lizards	A Comparison of Site Preferences of Two Species of Lizard
logLik-methods	Methods for Functions “logLik” in Package aod
mice	Pregnant Female Mice Experiment
negbin	Negative-Binomial Model for Counts
orob1	Germination Data
orob2	Germination Data
predict-methods	Methods for Function “predict” in Package aod
quasibin	Quasi-Likelihood Model for Proportions
quasipois	Quasi-Likelihood Model for Counts
rabbits	Rabbits Foetuses Survival Experiment
raoscott	Test of Proportion Homogeneity using Rao and Scott's Adjustment
rats	Rats Diet Experiment
residuals-methods	Residuals for Maximum-Likelihood and Quasi-Likelihood Models
salmonella	Salmonella Reverse Mutagenicity Assay
splitbin	Splits Binomial Data into Bernoulli Data
summary,aic-method	Akaike Information Statistics
summary.glimML-class	Summary of Objects of Class “summary.glimML”
varbin	Mean, Variance and Confidence Interval of a Proportion
varbin-class	Representation of Objects of Formal Class “varbin”
vcov-methods	Methods for Function “vcov” in Package aod
wald.test	Wald Test for Model Coefficients

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff <[email protected]> and Renaud Lancelot <[email protected]>
Maintainer: Renaud Lancelot

Beta-Binomial Model for Proportions

Description

Fits a beta-binomial generalized linear model accounting for overdispersion in clustered binomial data $(n, y)$ .

Usage

  betabin(formula, random, data, link = c("logit", "cloglog"), phi.ini = NULL,
          warnings = FALSE, na.action = na.omit, fixpar = list(),
          hessian = TRUE, control = list(maxit = 2000), ...)
  betabin(formula, random, data, link = c("logit", "cloglog"), phi.ini = NULL,
          warnings = FALSE, na.action = na.omit, fixpar = list(),
          hessian = TRUE, control = list(maxit = 2000), ...)

Arguments

`formula`	A formula for the fixed effects `b`. The left-hand side of the formula must be of the form `cbind(y, n - y)` where the modelled probability is `y/n`.
`random`	A right-hand formula for the overdispersion parameter(s) $\phi$ .
`link`	The link function for the mean $p$ : “logit” or “cloglog”.
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`n` and `y`) and explanatory variable(s).
`phi.ini`	Initial values for the overdispersion parameter(s) $\phi$ . Default to 0.1.
`warnings`	Logical to control the printing of warnings occurring during log-likelihood maximization. Default to `FALSE` (no printing).
`na.action`	A function name: which action should be taken in the case of missing value(s).
`fixpar`	A list with 2 components (scalars or vectors) of the same size, indicating which parameters are fixed (i.e., not optimized) in the global parameter vector $(b, \phi)$ and the corresponding fixed values. For example, `fixpar = list(c(4, 5), c(0, 0))` means that 4th and 5th parameters of the model are set to 0.
`hessian`	A logical. When set to `FALSE`, the hessian and the variances-covariances matrices of the parameters are not computed.
`control`	A list to control the optimization parameters. See `optim`. By default, set the maximum number of iterations to 2000.
`...`	Further arguments passed to `optim`.

Details

For a given cluster $(n, y)$ , the model is:

$y~|~\lambda \sim Binomial(n,~\lambda)$

with $\lambda$ following a Beta distribution $Beta(a1,~a2)$ .
If $B$ denotes the beta function, then:

$P(\lambda) = \frac{\lambda^{a1~-~1} * (1~-~\lambda)^{a2 - 1}}{B(a1,~a2)}$

$E[\lambda] = \frac{a1}{a1 + a2}$

$Var[\lambda] = \frac{a1 * a2}{(a1 + a2 + 1) * (a1 + a2)^2}$

The marginal beta-binomial distribution is:

$P(y) = \frac{C(n,~y) * B(a1 + y, a2 + n - y)}{B(a1,~a2)}$

The function uses the parameterization $p = \frac{a1}{a1 + a2} = h(X b) = h(\eta)$ and $\phi = \frac{1}{a1 + a2 + 1}$ , where $h$ is the inverse of the link function (logit or complementary log-log), $X$ is a design-matrix, $b$ is a vector of fixed effects, $\eta = X b$ is the linear predictor and $\phi$ is the overdispersion parameter (i.e., the intracluster correlation coefficient, which is here restricted to be positive).
The marginal mean and variance are:

$E[y] = n * p$

$Var[y] = n * p * (1 - p) * [1 + (n - 1) * \phi]$

The parameters $b$ and $\phi$ are estimated by maximizing the log-likelihood of the marginal model (using the function optim). Several explanatory variables are allowed in $b$ , only one in $\phi$ .

Value

An object of formal class “glimML”: see glimML-class for details.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Crowder, M.J., 1978. Beta-binomial anova for proportions. Appl. Statist. 27, 34-37.
Griffiths, D.A., 1973. Maximum likelihood estimation for the beta-binomial distribution and an application to the household distribution of the total number of cases of disease. Biometrics 29, 637-648.
Prentice, R.L., 1986. Binary regression using an extended beta-binomial distribution, with discussion of correlation induced by covariate measurement errors. J.A.S.A. 81, 321-327.
Williams, D.A., 1975. The analysis of binary responses from toxicological experiments involving reproduction and teratogenicity. Biometrics 31, 949-952.

Examples

  data(orob2)
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm3 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  # show the model
  fm1; fm2; fm3
  # AIC
  AIC(fm1, fm2, fm3)
  summary(AIC(fm1, fm2, fm3), which = "AICc")
  # Wald test for root effect
  wald.test(b = coef(fm3), Sigma = vcov(fm3), Terms = 3:4)
  # likelihood ratio test for root effect
  anova(fm1, fm3)
  # model predictions
  New <- expand.grid(seed = levels(orob2$seed),
                     root = levels(orob2$root))
  data.frame(New, predict(fm3, New, se = TRUE, type = "response"))
  # Djallonke sheep data
  data(dja)
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ 1, dja)
  # heterogeneous phi
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
          control = list(maxit = 1000))
  # phi fixed to zero in group TREAT
   betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(4, 0))
  # glim without overdispersion
  summary(glm(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group,
    family = binomial, data = dja))
  # phi fixed to zero in both groups
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(c(3, 4), c(0, 0))) 
  data(orob2)
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  fm3 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  # show the model
  fm1; fm2; fm3
  # AIC
  AIC(fm1, fm2, fm3)
  summary(AIC(fm1, fm2, fm3), which = "AICc")
  # Wald test for root effect
  wald.test(b = coef(fm3), Sigma = vcov(fm3), Terms = 3:4)
  # likelihood ratio test for root effect
  anova(fm1, fm3)
  # model predictions
  New <- expand.grid(seed = levels(orob2$seed),
                     root = levels(orob2$root))
  data.frame(New, predict(fm3, New, se = TRUE, type = "response"))
  # Djallonke sheep data
  data(dja)
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ 1, dja)
  # heterogeneous phi
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
          control = list(maxit = 1000))
  # phi fixed to zero in group TREAT
   betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(4, 0))
  # glim without overdispersion
  summary(glm(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group,
    family = binomial, data = dja))
  # phi fixed to zero in both groups
  betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(c(3, 4), c(0, 0)))

Methods for Function "coef" in Package "aod"

Description

Extract the fixed-effect coefficients from fitted objects.

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see coef.
glimML: Extract the estimated fixed-effect coefficients from objects of formal class “glimML”. Presently, these objects are generated by functions betabin and negbin.
glimQL: Extract the estimated fixed-effect coefficients from objects of formal class “glimQL”. Presently, these objects are generated by functions quasibin and quasipois.

Age, Period and Cohort Effects for Vital Rates

Description

Number of prostate cancer deaths and midperiod population for nonwhites in the USA by age and period. The cohort index $k$ is related to age and period indices ( $i$ and $j$ , respectively) by $k = j + I - i$ , where $I = max(i)$ (Holford, 1983, Table 2).

Usage

data(cohorts)data(cohorts)

Format

A data frame with 49 observations on the following 4 variables.

period: A factor with levels 1935-, 1940-, ..., 1965-.
age: A factor with levels 50-, 55-, ..., 80-.
y: Numeric: the number of prostate cancer deaths.
n: Numeric: the midperiod population size.

References

Holford, T.R., 1983. The estimation of age, period and cohort effects for vital rates. Biometrics 39, 311-324.

Methods for Function "deviance" in Package "aod"

Description

Extracts the deviance fitted models.

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see deviance.
glimML: Extracts the deviance from models fitted by betabin or negbin.

Methods for Function "df.residual" in Package "aod"

Description

Computes the number of degrees of freedom of the residuals from fitted objects.

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see df.residual.
glimML: Computes the df of residuals for models fitted by betabin or negbin.
glimQL: Computes the df of residuals for models fitted by quasibin or quasipois.

Mortality of Djallonke Lambs in Senegal

Description

Field trial to assess the effect of ewes deworming (prevention of gastro-intestinal parasitism) on the mortality of their offspring (age < 1 year). This data set is extracted from a large database on small ruminants production and health in Senegal (Lancelot et al., 1998). Data were collected in a sample of herds in Kolda (Upper Casamance, Senegal) during a multi-site survey (Faugère et al., 1992). See also the references below for a presentation of the follow-up survey (Faugère and Faugère, 1986) and a description of the farming systems (Faugère et al., 1990).

Usage

data(dja)data(dja)

Format

A data frame with 21 observations on the following 4 variables.

group: a factor with 2 levels: CTRL and TREAT, indicating the treatment.
village: a factor indicating the village of the herd.
herd: a factor indicating the herd.
n: a numeric vector: the number of animals exposed to mortality.
trisk: a numeric vector: the exposition time to mortality (in year).
y: a numeric vector: the number of deaths.

References

Faugère, O., Faugère, B., 1986. Suivi de troupeaux et contrôle des performances individuelles des petits ruminants en milieu traditionnel africain. Aspects méthodologiques. Rev. Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 39 (1): 29-40.
Faugère, O., Dockès, A.-C., Perrot, C., Faugère, B., 1990. L'élevage traditionnel des petits ruminants au Sénégal. I. Pratiques de conduite et d'exploitation des animaux chez les éleveurs de la région de Kolda. Revue Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 43: 249-259.
Faugère, O., Tillard, E., Faugère, B., 1992. Prophylaxie chez les petits ruminants au Sénégal : régionalisation d'une politique nationale de protection sanitaire. In: B. Rey, S. H. B. Lebbie, L. Reynolds (Ed.), First biennial conference of the African Small Ruminant Research Network, ILCA, 1990, ILRAD, Nairobi, pp. 307-314.
Lancelot, R., Faye, B., Juanès, X., Ndiaye, M., Pérochon, L., Tillard, E., 1998. La base de données BAOBAB: un outil pour modéliser la production et la santé des petits ruminants dans les systèmes d'élevage traditionnels au Sénégal. Revue Elev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 51 (2): 135-146.

Test of Proportion Homogeneity using Donner's Adjustment

Description

Tests the homogeneity of proportions between $I$ groups (H0: $p_1 = p_2 = ... = p_I$ ) from clustered binomial data $(n, y)$ using the adjusted $\chi^2$ statistic proposed by Donner (1989).

Usage

donner(formula = NULL, response = NULL,
       weights = NULL, group = NULL, data, C = NULL)donner(formula = NULL, response = NULL,
       weights = NULL, group = NULL, data, C = NULL)

Arguments

`formula`	An optional formula where the left-hand side is either a matrix of the form `cbind(y, n-y)`, where the modelled probability is `y/n`, or a vector of proportions to be modelled (`y/n`). In both cases, the right-hand side must specify a single grouping variable. When the left-hand side of the formula is a vector of proportions, the argument `weight` must be used to indicate the denominators of the proportions.
`response`	An optional argument indicating either a matrix of the form `cbind(y, n-y)`, where the modelled probability is `y/n`, or a vector of proportions to be modelled (`y/n`).
`weights`	An optional argument used when the left-hand side of `formula` or `response` is a vector of proportions: `weight` is the denominator of the proportion.
`group`	An optional argument only used when `response` is used. In this case, this argument is a factor indicating a grouping variable.
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`n` and `y`) and the grouping variable.
`C`	If not NULL, a numerical vector of $I$ cluster correction factors.

Details

The $\chi^2$ statistic is adjusted with the correction factor $C_i$ computed in each group $i$ . The test statistic is given by:

$X^2 = \sum_{i}\frac{(y_i - n_i * p)^2}{C_i * n_i * p * (1 - p)}$

where $C_i = 1 + (nA_i - 1) * \rho$ , $nA_i$ is a scalar depending on the cluster sizes, and $rho$ is the ANOVA estimate of the intra-cluster correlation, assumed common across groups (see Donner, 1989 or Donner et al., 1994). The statistic is compared to a $\chi^2$ distribution with $I - 1$ degrees of freedom. Fixed correction factors can be specified with the argument C.

Value

An object of formal class “drs”: see drs-class for details. The slot tab provides the proportion of successes and the correction factor for each group.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Donner, A., 1989. Statistical methods in ophthalmology: an adjusted chi-squared approach. Biometrics 45, 605-611.
Donner, A., 1993. The comparison of proportions in the presence of litter effects. Prev. Vet. Med. 18, 17-26.
Donner, A., Eliasziw, M., Klar, N., 1994. A comparison of methods for testing homogeneity of proportions in teratologic studies. Stat. Med. 13, 1253-1264.

Examples

  data(rats)
  donner(formula = cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats)
  donner(formula = y/n ~ group, weights = n, data = rats)
  donner(response = cbind(y, n - y), group = group, data = rats)
  donner(response = y/n, weights = n, group = group, data = rats)
  # standard test
  donner(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, C = c(1, 1))
  data(antibio)
  donner(cbind(y, n - y) ~ treatment, data = antibio)
  data(rats)
  donner(formula = cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats)
  donner(formula = y/n ~ group, weights = n, data = rats)
  donner(response = cbind(y, n - y), group = group, data = rats)
  donner(response = y/n, weights = n, group = group, data = rats)
  # standard test
  donner(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, C = c(1, 1))
  data(antibio)
  donner(cbind(y, n - y) ~ treatment, data = antibio)

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "drs"

Description

Representation of the output of functions donner and raoscott.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("drs", ...) or, more commonly, via the donner or raoscott functions.

Slots

CALL: The call of the function.
tab: A data frame containing test information. The content of the data frame depends on the type of the function which generated it.
rho: The ANOVA estimate of the intra-cluster correlation (function donner).
X2: The adjusted $\chi^2$ statistic.

Methods

donner: signature(object = "drs"): see donner.
raoscott: signature(object = "drs"): see raoscott.

Methods for Function "fitted" in Package "aod"

Description

Extracts the fitted values from models.

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see fitted.
glimML: Extract the fitted values from models of formal class “glimML”, presently generated by functions betabin and negbin.
glimQL: Extract the fitted values from models of formal class “glimQL”, presently generated by functions quasibin and quasibin.

Representation of Models of Formal Class "glimML"

Description

Representation of models of formal class "glimML" fitted by maximum-likelihood method.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("glimML", ...) or, more commonly, via the functions betabin or negbin.

Slots

CALL

The call of the function.

link

The link function used to transform the mean: “logit”, “cloglog” or “log”.

method

The type of fitted model: “BB” for beta-binomial and “NB” for negative-binomial models.

formula

The formula used to model the mean.

random

The formula used to model the overdispersion parameter $\phi$ .

data

Data set to which model was fitted. Different from the original data in case of missing value(s).

param

The vector of the ML estimated parameters $b$ and $\phi$ .

varparam

The variance-covariance matrix of the ML estimated parameters $b$ and $\phi$ .

fixed.param

The vector of the ML estimated fixed-effect parameters $b$ .

random.param

The vector of the ML estimated random-effect (correlation) parameters $\phi$ .

logL

The log-likelihood of the fitted model.

logL.max

The log-likelihood of the maximal model (data).

dev

The deviance of the model, i.e., - 2 * (logL - logL.max).

df.residual

The residual degrees of freedom of the fitted model.

nbpar

The number of estimated parameters, i.e., nbpar = total number of parameters - number of fixed parameters. See argument fixpar in betabin or negbin.

iterations

The number of iterations performed in optim.

code

An integer (returned by optim) indicating why the optimization process terminated.

1: Relative gradient is close to 0, current iterate is probably solution.
2: Successive iterates within tolerance, current iterate is probably solution.
3: Last global step failed to locate a point lower than estimate. Either estimate is an approximate local minimum of the function or steptol is too small.
4: Iteration limit exceeded.
5: Maximum step size stepmax exceeded 5 consecutive times. Either the function is unbounded below, becomes asymptotic to a finite value from above in some direction or stepmax is too small.

msg

Message returned by optim.

singular.hessian

Logical: true when fitting provided a singular hessian, indicating an overparamaterized model.

param.ini

The initial values provided to the ML algorithm.

na.action

A function defining the action taken when missing values are encountered.

Representation of Models of Formal Class "glimQL"

Description

Representation of models of formal class "glimQL" fitted by quasi-likelihood method.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("glimQL", ...) or, more commonly, via the quasibin or quasipois functions.

Slots

CALL: The call of the function.
fm: A fitted model of class “glm”.
phi: The overdispersion parameter.

Methods

show: signature(object = "glimQL"): Main results of “glimQL” models.

Intra-Cluster Correlation for Binomial Data

Description

This function calculates point estimates of the intraclass correlation $\rho$ from clustered binomial data ${(n_1, y_1), (n_2, y_2), ..., (n_K, y_K)}$ (with $K$ the number of clusters), using a 1-way random effect model. Three estimates, following methods referred to as “A”, “B” and “C” in Goldstein et al. (2002), can be obtained.

Usage

iccbin(n, y, data, method = c("A", "B", "C"), nAGQ = 1, M = 1000)iccbin(n, y, data, method = c("A", "B", "C"), nAGQ = 1, M = 1000)

Arguments

`n`	Vector of the denominators of the proportions.
`y`	Vector of the numerators of the proportions.
`data`	A data frame containing the variables n and y.
`method`	A character (“A”, “B” or “C”) defining the calculation method. See Details.
`nAGQ`	Same as in function `glmer` of package lme4. Only for methods “A” and “B”. Default to 1.
`M`	Number of Monte Carlo (MC) replicates used in method “B”. Default to 1000.

Details

Before computations, the clustered data are split into binary (0/1) observations $y_{ij}$ (obs. $j$ in cluster $i$ ). The calculation methods are described in Goldstein et al. (2002). Methods "A" and "B" assume a 1-way generalized linear mixed model, and method "C" a 1-way linear mixed model.
For "A" and "B", function iccbin uses the logistic binomial-Gaussian model:

$y_{ij} | p_{ij} \sim Bernoulli(p_{ij}),$

$logit(p_{ij}) = b_0 + u_i,$

where $b_0$ is a constant and $u_i$ a cluster random effect with $u_i \sim N(0, s^2_u)$ . The ML estimate of the variance component $s^2_u$ is calculated with the function glmer of package lme4. The intra-class correlation $\rho = Corr[y_{ij}, y_{ij'}]$ is then calculated with a first-order model linearization around $E[u_i]=0$ in method “A”, and with Monte Carlo simulations in method “B”.
For “C”, function iccbin provides the common ANOVA (moments) estimate of $\rho$ . For details, see for instance Donner (1986), Searle et al. (1992) or Ukoumunne (2002).

Value

An object of formal class “iccbin”, with 3 slots:

`CALL`	The call of the function.
`features`	A character vector summarizing the main features of the method used.
`rho`	The point estimate of the intraclass correlation $\rho$ .

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Donner A., 1986, A review of inference procedures for the intraclass correlation coefficient in the one-way random effects model. International Statistical Review 54, 67-82.
Searle, S.R., Casella, G., McCulloch, C.E., 1992. Variance components. Wiley, New York.
Ukoumunne, O. C., 2002. A comparison of confidence interval methods for the intraclass correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 21, 3757-3774.
Golstein, H., Browne, H., Rasbash, J., 2002. Partitioning variation in multilevel models. Understanding Statistics 1(4), 223-231.

Examples


data(rats)
tmp <- rats[rats$group == "TREAT", ]
# A: glmm (model linearization)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "A")
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "A", nAGQ = 10)
# B: glmm (Monte Carlo)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "B")
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "B", nAGQ = 10, M = 1500)
# C: lmm (ANOVA moments)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "C")

  ## Not run: 
  # Example of confidence interval calculation with nonparametric bootstrap
  require(boot)
  foo <- function(X, ind) {
    n <- X$n[ind]
    y <- X$y[ind]
    X <- data.frame(n = n, y = y)
    iccbin(n = n, y = y, data = X, method = "C")@rho[1]
    }
  res <- boot(data = tmp[, c("n", "y")], statistic = foo, R = 500, sim = "ordinary", stype = "i")
  res
  boot.ci(res, conf = 0.95, type = "basic")
  
## End(Not run)

data(rats)
tmp <- rats[rats$group == "TREAT", ]
# A: glmm (model linearization)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "A")
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "A", nAGQ = 10)
# B: glmm (Monte Carlo)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "B")
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "B", nAGQ = 10, M = 1500)
# C: lmm (ANOVA moments)
iccbin(n, y, data = tmp, method = "C")

  ## Not run: 
  # Example of confidence interval calculation with nonparametric bootstrap
  require(boot)
  foo <- function(X, ind) {
    n <- X$n[ind]
    y <- X$y[ind]
    X <- data.frame(n = n, y = y)
    iccbin(n = n, y = y, data = X, method = "C")@rho[1]
    }
  res <- boot(data = tmp[, c("n", "y")], statistic = foo, R = 500, sim = "ordinary", stype = "i")
  res
  boot.ci(res, conf = 0.95, type = "basic")
  
## End(Not run)

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "iccbin"

Description

Representation of the output of function iccbin.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("iccbin", ...) or, more commonly, via the function iccbin.

Slots

CALL: The call of the function.
features: A character vector summarizing the main features of the method used.
rho: A numeric scalar giving the intra-cluster correlation.

Methods

icc: signature(object = "iccbin"): see iccbin.

Transformation from the Link Scale to the Observation Scale

Description

The function transforms a variable from the link scale to the observation scale: probability or count.

Usage

  invlink(x, type = c("cloglog", "log", "logit"))
  invlink(x, type = c("cloglog", "log", "logit"))

Arguments

`x`	A vector of real numbers.
`type`	A character string. Legal values are “cloglog”, “log” and “logit”.

Value

$anti-logit(x) = exp(x) / (1 + exp(x))$
$anti-cloglog(x) = 1 - exp(-exp(x))$

Examples

  x <- seq(-5, 5, length = 100)
  plot(x, invlink(x, type = "logit"),
       type = "l", lwd = 2, ylab = "Probability")
  lines(x, invlink(x, type = "cloglog"), lty = 2, lwd = 2)
  grid(col = "black")
  legend(-5, 1, legend = c("alogit(x)", "acloglog(x)"),
         lty = c(1, 2), bg = "white")
  x <- seq(-5, 5, length = 100)
  plot(x, invlink(x, type = "logit"),
       type = "l", lwd = 2, ylab = "Probability")
  lines(x, invlink(x, type = "cloglog"), lty = 2, lwd = 2)
  grid(col = "black")
  legend(-5, 1, legend = c("alogit(x)", "acloglog(x)"),
         lty = c(1, 2), bg = "white")

Transformation from the Observation Scale to the Link Scale

Description

The function transforms a variable from the observation scale (probability or count) to the link scale.

Usage

link(x, type = c("cloglog", "log", "logit"))link(x, type = c("cloglog", "log", "logit"))

Arguments

`x`	A vector of real numbers.
`type`	A character string. Legal values are “cloglog”, “log” and “logit”.

Value

$logit(x) = log(x / (1 - x))$
$cloglog(x) = log(-log(1 - x ))$

Examples

  x <- seq(.001, .999, length = 100)
  plot(x, link(x, type = "logit"),
       type = "l", lwd = 2, ylab = "link(proba.)")
  lines(x, link(x, type = "cloglog"), lty = 2, lwd = 2)
  grid(col = "black")
  legend(0, 6, legend = c("logit(x)", "cloglog(x)"),
         lty = c(1, 2), bg = "white")
  x <- seq(.001, .999, length = 100)
  plot(x, link(x, type = "logit"),
       type = "l", lwd = 2, ylab = "link(proba.)")
  lines(x, link(x, type = "cloglog"), lty = 2, lwd = 2)
  grid(col = "black")
  legend(0, 6, legend = c("logit(x)", "cloglog(x)"),
         lty = c(1, 2), bg = "white")

A Comparison of Site Preferences of Two Species of Lizard

Description

“These data describe the daytime habits of two species of lizards, grahami and opalinus. They were collected by observing occupied sites or perches and recording the appropriate description, namely species involved, time of the day, height and diameter of the perch and whether the site was sunny or shaded. Time of the day is recorded as early, mid-day or late.” (McCullagh and Nelder, 1989, p.129).

Usage

data(lizards)data(lizards)

Format

A data frame with 24 observations on the following 6 variables.

Site: A factor with levels Sun and Shade.
Diameter: A factor with levels D <= 2 and D > 2 (inches).
Height: A factor with levels H < 5 and H >= 5 (feet).
Time: A factor with levels Early, Mid-day and Late.
grahami: A numeric vector giving the observed sample size for grahami lizards.
opalinus: A numeric vector giving the observed sample size for opalinus lizards.

Details

The data were originally published in Fienberg (1970).

Source

McCullagh, P., Nelder, J.A., 1989. Generalized linear models. London, Chapman & Hall, 511 p.

References

Fienberg, S.E., 1970. The analysis of multidimensional contingency tables. Ecology 51: 419-433.

Examples

data(lizards)data(lizards)

Methods for Functions "logLik" in Package "aod"

Description

Extracts the maximized log-likelihood from fitted models of formal class “glimML”.

Usage

## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
logLik(object, ...)## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
logLik(object, ...)

Arguments

`object`	A fitted model of formal class “glimML” (functions `betabin` or `negbin`).
`...`	Other arguments passed to methods.

Value

A numeric scalar with 2 attributes: “df” (number of parameters in the model) and “nobs” (number of observations = degrees of freedom of the residuals + number of parameters in the model).

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see logLik.
glimML: Extract the maximized log-likelihood from models of formal class “glimML”, fitted by functions betabin and negbin.

Pregnant Female Mice Experiment

Description

Unpublished laboratory data on the proportion of affected foetuses in two groups (control and treatment) of 10 pregnant female mice (Kupper and Haseman, 1978, p. 75).

Usage

data(mice)data(mice)

Format

A data frame with 20 observations on the following 3 variables.

group: a factor with levels CTRL and TREAT
n: a numeric vector: the total number of foetuses.
y: a numeric vector: the number of affected foetuses.

References

Kupper, L.L., Haseman, J.K., 1978. The use of a correlated binomial model for the analysis of a certain toxicological experiments. Biometrics 34, 69-76.

Negative-Binomial Model for Counts

Description

The function fits a negative-binomial log linear model accounting for overdispersion in counts $y$ .

Usage

  negbin(formula, random, data, phi.ini = NULL, warnings = FALSE, 
         na.action = na.omit, fixpar = list(),
         hessian = TRUE, control = list(maxit = 2000), ...)
  negbin(formula, random, data, phi.ini = NULL, warnings = FALSE, 
         na.action = na.omit, fixpar = list(),
         hessian = TRUE, control = list(maxit = 2000), ...)

Arguments

`formula`	A formula for the fixed effects. The left-hand side of the formula must be the counts `y` i.e., positive integers (`y >= 0`). The right-hand side can involve an offset term.
`random`	A right-hand formula for the overdispersion parameter(s) $\phi$ .
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`y`) and explanatory variable(s).
`phi.ini`	Initial values for the overdispersion parameter(s) $\phi$ . Default to 0.1.
`warnings`	Logical to control printing of warnings occurring during log-likelihood maximization. Default to FALSE (no printing).
`na.action`	A function name. Indicates which action should be taken in the case of missing value(s).
`fixpar`	A list with 2 components (scalars or vectors) of the same size, indicating which parameters are fixed (i.e., not optimized) in the global parameter vector $(b, \phi)$ and the corresponding fixed values. For example, `fixpar = list(c(4, 5), c(0, 0))` means that 4th and 5th parameters of the model are set to 0.
`hessian`	A logical. When set to `FALSE`, the hessian and the variances-covariances matrices of the parameters are not computed.
`control`	A list to control the optimization parameters. See `optim`. By default, set the maximum number of iterations to 2000.
`...`	Further arguments passed to `optim`.

Details

For a given count $y$ , the model is:

$y~|~\lambda \sim Poisson(~\lambda)$

with $\lambda$ following a Gamma distribution $Gamma(r,~\theta)$ .
If $G$ denote the gamma function, then:

$P(\lambda) = r^{-\theta} * \lambda^{\theta - 1} * \frac{exp(-\frac{\lambda}{r})}{G(\theta)}$

$E[\lambda] = \theta * r$

$Var[\lambda] = \theta * r^2$

The marginal negative-binomial distribution is:

$P(y) = G(y + \theta) * \left(\frac{1}{1 + r}\right)^\theta * \frac{(\frac{r}{1 + r})^y}{y! * G(\theta)}$

The function uses the parameterization $\mu = \theta * r = exp(X b) = exp(\eta)$ and $\phi = 1 / \theta$ , where $X$ is a design-matrix, $b$ is a vector of fixed effects, $\eta = X b$ is the linear predictor and $\phi$ the overdispersion parameter.
The marginal mean and variance are:

$E[y] = \mu$

$Var[y] = \mu + \phi * \mu^2$

The parameters $b$ and $\phi$ are estimated by maximizing the log-likelihood of the marginal model (using the function optim()). Several explanatory variables are allowed in $b$ . Only one is allowed in $\phi$ .
An offset can be specified in the formula argument to model rates $y/T$ . The offset and the marginal mean are $log(T)$ and $\mu = exp(log(T) + \eta)$ , respectively.

Value

An object of formal class “glimML”: see glimML-class for details.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Lawless, J.F., 1987. Negative binomial and mixed Poisson regression. The Canadian Journal of Statistics, 15(3): 209-225.

Examples

  # without offset
  data(salmonella)
  negbin(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose, ~ 1, salmonella)
  library(MASS) # function glm.nb in MASS
  fm.nb <- glm.nb(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
                  link = log, data = salmonella)
  coef(fm.nb)
  1 / fm.nb$theta # theta = 1 / phi
  c(logLik(fm.nb), AIC(fm.nb))
  # with offset
  data(dja)
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja)
  # phi fixed to zero in group TREAT
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(4, 0))
  # glim without overdispersion
  summary(glm(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)),
    family = poisson, data = dja))
  # phi fixed to zero in both groups
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(c(3, 4), c(0, 0))) 
  # without offset
  data(salmonella)
  negbin(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose, ~ 1, salmonella)
  library(MASS) # function glm.nb in MASS
  fm.nb <- glm.nb(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
                  link = log, data = salmonella)
  coef(fm.nb)
  1 / fm.nb$theta # theta = 1 / phi
  c(logLik(fm.nb), AIC(fm.nb))
  # with offset
  data(dja)
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja)
  # phi fixed to zero in group TREAT
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(4, 0))
  # glim without overdispersion
  summary(glm(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)),
    family = poisson, data = dja))
  # phi fixed to zero in both groups
  negbin(y ~ group + offset(log(trisk)), ~ group, dja,
    fixpar = list(c(3, 4), c(0, 0)))

Germination Data

Description

[Data describing the germination] “for seed Orobanche cernua cultivated in three dilutions of a bean root extract. The mean proportions of the three sets are 0.142, 0.872 and 0.842, and the overall mean is 0.614.” (Crowder, 1978, Table 1).

Usage

data(orob1)data(orob1)

Format

A data frame with 16 observations on the following 3 variables.

dilution: a factor with 3 levels: 1/1, 1/25 and 1/625

n: a numeric vector: the number of seeds exposed to germination.
y: a numeric vector: the number of seeds which actually germinated.

References

Crowder, M.J., 1978. Beta-binomial anova for proportions. Appl. Statist. 27, 34-37.

Germination Data

Description

“A 2 x 2 factorial experiment comparing 2 types of seed and 2 root extracts. There are 5 or 6 replicates in each of the 4 treatment groups, and each replicate comprises a number of seeds varying between 4 and 81. The response variable is the proportion of seeds germinating in each replicate.” (Crowder, 1978, Table 3).

Usage

data(orob2)data(orob2)

Format

A data frame with 21 observations on the following 4 variables.

seed: a factor with 2 levels: O73 and O75.
root: a factor with 2 levels BEAN and CUCUMBER.
n: a numeric vector: the number of seeds exposed to germination.
y: a numeric vector: the number of seeds which actually germinated.

References

Crowder, M.J., 1978. Beta-binomial anova for proportions. Appl. Statist. 27, 34-37.

Methods for Function "predict" in Package "aod"

Description

“predict” methods for fitted models generated by functions in package aod.

Usage

  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
predict(object, newdata = NULL, 
    type = c("response", "link"), se.fit = FALSE, ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimQL'
predict(object, newdata = NULL, 
    type = c("response", "link"), se.fit = FALSE, ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
predict(object, newdata = NULL, 
    type = c("response", "link"), se.fit = FALSE, ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimQL'
predict(object, newdata = NULL, 
    type = c("response", "link"), se.fit = FALSE, ...)

Arguments

`object`	A fitted model of formal class “glimML” (functions `betabin` or `negbin`) or “glimQL” (functions `quasibin` or `quasipois`).
`newdata`	A data.frame providing all the explanatory variables necessary for predictions.
`type`	A character string indicating the scale on which predictions are made: either “response” for predictions on the observation scale, or “link” for predictions on the scale of the link.
`se.fit`	A logical scalar indicating whether pointwise standard errors should be computed for the predictions.
`...`	Other arguments passed to methods.

Methods

glimML: Compute predictions for models of formal class “glimML”, presently generated by functions betabin and negbin. See the examples for these functions.
glimQL: Compute predictions for models of formal class “glimQL”, presently generated by the functions quasibin and quasibin. See the examples for these functions.

Quasi-Likelihood Model for Proportions

Description

The function fits the generalized linear model “II” proposed by Williams (1982) accounting for overdispersion in clustered binomial data $(n, y)$ .

Usage

quasibin(formula, data, link = c("logit", "cloglog"), phi = NULL, tol =  0.001)quasibin(formula, data, link = c("logit", "cloglog"), phi = NULL, tol =  0.001)

Arguments

`formula`	A formula for the fixed effects. The left-hand side of the formula must be of the form `cbind(y, n - y)` where the modelled probability is `y/n`.
`link`	The link function for the mean $p$ : “logit” or “cloglog”.
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`n` and `y`) and explanatory variable(s).
`phi`	When `phi` is NULL (the default), the overdispersion parameter $\phi$ is estimated from the data. Otherwise, its value is considered as fixed.
`tol`	A positive scalar (default to 0.001). The algorithm stops at iteration $r + 1$ when the condition $\chi{^2}[r+1] - \chi{^2}[r] <= tol$ is met by the $\chi^2$ statistics .

Details

For a given cluster $(n, y)$ , the model is:

$y~|~\lambda \sim Binomial(n,~\lambda)$

with $\lambda$ a random variable of mean $E[\lambda] = p$ and variance $Var[\lambda] = \phi * p * (1 - p)$ .
The marginal mean and variance are:

$E[y] = p$

$Var[y] = p * (1 - p) * [1 + (n - 1) * \phi]$

The overdispersion parameter $\phi$ corresponds to the intra-cluster correlation coefficient, which is here restricted to be positive.
The function uses the function glm and the parameterization: $p = h(X b) = h(\eta)$ , where $h$ is the inverse of a given link function, $X$ is a design-matrix, $b$ is a vector of fixed effects and $\eta = X b$ is the linear predictor.
The estimate of $b$ maximizes the quasi log-likelihood of the marginal model. The parameter $\phi$ is estimated with the moment method or can be set to a constant (a regular glim is fitted when $\phi$ is set to zero). The literature recommends to estimate $\phi$ from the saturated model. Several explanatory variables are allowed in $b$ . None is allowed in $\phi$ .

Value

An object of formal class “glimQL”: see glimQL-class for details.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Moore, D.F., 1987, Modelling the extraneous variance in the presence of extra-binomial variation. Appl. Statist. 36, 8-14.
Williams, D.A., 1982, Extra-binomial variation in logistic linear models. Appl. Statist. 31, 144-148.

Examples

  data(orob2) 
  fm1 <- glm(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
             family = binomial, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
                  data = orob2, phi = 0)
  fm3 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
                  data = orob2)
  rbind(fm1 = coef(fm1), fm2 = coef(fm2), fm3 = coef(fm3))
  # show the model
  fm3
  # dispersion parameter and goodness-of-fit statistic
  c(phi = fm3@phi, 
    X2 = sum(residuals(fm3, type = "pearson")^2))
  # model predictions
  predfm1 <- predict(fm1, type = "response", se = TRUE)
  predfm3 <- predict(fm3, type = "response", se = TRUE)
  New <- expand.grid(seed = levels(orob2$seed),
                     root = levels(orob2$root))
  predict(fm3, New, se = TRUE, type = "response")
  data.frame(orob2, p1 = predfm1$fit, 
                    se.p1 = predfm1$se.fit,
                    p3 = predfm3$fit,
                    se.p3 = predfm3$se.fit)
  fm4 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root,
                  data = orob2, phi = fm3@phi)
  # Pearson's chi-squared goodness-of-fit statistic
  # compare with fm3's X2
  sum(residuals(fm4, type = "pearson")^2)
  data(orob2) 
  fm1 <- glm(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
             family = binomial, data = orob2)
  fm2 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
                  data = orob2, phi = 0)
  fm3 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root,
                  data = orob2)
  rbind(fm1 = coef(fm1), fm2 = coef(fm2), fm3 = coef(fm3))
  # show the model
  fm3
  # dispersion parameter and goodness-of-fit statistic
  c(phi = fm3@phi, 
    X2 = sum(residuals(fm3, type = "pearson")^2))
  # model predictions
  predfm1 <- predict(fm1, type = "response", se = TRUE)
  predfm3 <- predict(fm3, type = "response", se = TRUE)
  New <- expand.grid(seed = levels(orob2$seed),
                     root = levels(orob2$root))
  predict(fm3, New, se = TRUE, type = "response")
  data.frame(orob2, p1 = predfm1$fit, 
                    se.p1 = predfm1$se.fit,
                    p3 = predfm3$fit,
                    se.p3 = predfm3$se.fit)
  fm4 <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed + root,
                  data = orob2, phi = fm3@phi)
  # Pearson's chi-squared goodness-of-fit statistic
  # compare with fm3's X2
  sum(residuals(fm4, type = "pearson")^2)

Quasi-Likelihood Model for Counts

Description

The function fits the log linear model (“Procedure II”) proposed by Breslow (1984) accounting for overdispersion in counts $y$ .

Usage

quasipois(formula, data, phi = NULL, tol = 0.001)quasipois(formula, data, phi = NULL, tol = 0.001)

Arguments

`formula`	A formula for the fixed effects. The left-hand side of the formula must be the counts `y` i.e., positive integers (`y >= 0`). The right-hand side can involve an offset term.
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`y`) and explanatory variable(s).
`phi`	When `phi` is NULL (the default), the overdispersion parameter $\phi$ is estimated from the data. Otherwise, its value is considered as fixed.
`tol`	A positive scalar (default to 0.001). The algorithm stops at iteration $r + 1$ when the condition $\chi{^2}[r+1] - \chi{^2}[r] <= tol$ is met by the $\chi^2$ statistics .

Details

For a given count $y$ , the model is:

$y~|~\lambda \sim Poisson(~\lambda)$

with $\lambda$ a random variable of mean $E[\lambda] = \mu$ and variance $Var[\lambda] = \phi * \mu^2$ .
The marginal mean and variance are:

$E[y] = \mu$

$Var[y] = \mu + \phi * \mu^2$

The function uses the function glm and the parameterization: $\mu = exp(X b) = exp(\eta)$ , where $X$ is a design-matrix, $b$ is a vector of fixed effects and $\eta = X b$ is the linear predictor.
The estimate of $b$ maximizes the quasi log-likelihood of the marginal model. The parameter $\phi$ is estimated with the moment method or can be set to a constant (a regular glim is fitted when $\phi$ is set to 0). The literature recommends to estimate $\phi$ with the saturated model. Several explanatory variables are allowed in $b$ . None is allowed in $\phi$ .
An offset can be specified in the argument formula to model rates $y/T$ (see examples). The offset and the marginal mean are $log(T)$ and $\mu = exp(log(T) + \eta)$ , respectively.

Value

An object of formal class “glimQL”: see glimQL-class for details.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Breslow, N.E., 1984. Extra-Poisson variation in log-linear models. Appl. Statist. 33, 38-44.
Moore, D.F., Tsiatis, A., 1991. Robust estimation of the variance in moment methods for extra-binomial and extra-poisson variation. Biometrics 47, 383-401.

Examples

  # without offset
  data(salmonella)
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
            data = salmonella)
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose, 
            data = salmonella, phi = 0.07180449)
  summary(glm(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
          family = poisson, data = salmonella))
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
          data = salmonella, phi = 0)
  # with offset
  data(cohorts)
  i <- cohorts$age ; levels(i) <- 1:7
  j <- cohorts$period ; levels(j) <- 1:7
  i <- as.numeric(i); j <- as.numeric(j)
  cohorts$cohort <- j + max(i) - i
  cohorts$cohort <- as.factor(1850 + 5 * cohorts$cohort)
  fm1 <- quasipois(y ~ age + period + cohort + offset(log(n)),
                   data = cohorts)
  fm1
  quasipois(y ~ age + cohort + offset(log(n)),
            data = cohorts, phi = fm1@phi)
  # without offset
  data(salmonella)
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
            data = salmonella)
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose, 
            data = salmonella, phi = 0.07180449)
  summary(glm(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
          family = poisson, data = salmonella))
  quasipois(y ~ log(dose + 10) + dose,
          data = salmonella, phi = 0)
  # with offset
  data(cohorts)
  i <- cohorts$age ; levels(i) <- 1:7
  j <- cohorts$period ; levels(j) <- 1:7
  i <- as.numeric(i); j <- as.numeric(j)
  cohorts$cohort <- j + max(i) - i
  cohorts$cohort <- as.factor(1850 + 5 * cohorts$cohort)
  fm1 <- quasipois(y ~ age + period + cohort + offset(log(n)),
                   data = cohorts)
  fm1
  quasipois(y ~ age + cohort + offset(log(n)),
            data = cohorts, phi = fm1@phi)

Rabbits Foetuses Survival Experiment

Description

Experimental data for analyzing the effect of an increasing dose of a compound on the proportion of live foetuses affected. Four treatment-groups were considered: control “C”, low dose “L”, medium dose “M” and high dose “H”. The animal species used in the experiment was banded Dutch rabbit (Paul, 1982, Table 1).

Usage

data(rabbits)data(rabbits)

Format

A data frame with 84 observations on the following 3 variables.

group: a factor with levels C, H, L and M
n: a numeric vector: the total number of foetuses.
y: a numeric vector: the number of affected foetuses.

References

Paul, S.R., 1982. Analysis of proportions of affected foetuses in teratological experiments. Biometrics 38, 361-370.

Test of Proportion Homogeneity using Rao and Scott's Adjustment

Description

Tests the homogeneity of proportions between $I$ groups (H0: $p_1 = p_2 = ... = p_I$ ) from clustered binomial data $(n, y)$ using the adjusted $\chi^2$ statistic proposed by Rao and Scott (1993).

Usage

raoscott(formula = NULL, response = NULL, weights = NULL, 
              group = NULL, data, pooled = FALSE, deff = NULL)raoscott(formula = NULL, response = NULL, weights = NULL, 
              group = NULL, data, pooled = FALSE, deff = NULL)

Arguments

`formula`	An optional formula where the left-hand side is either a matrix of the form `cbind(y, n-y)`, where the modelled probability is `y/n`, or a vector of proportions to be modelled (`y/n`). In both cases, the right-hand side must specify a single grouping variable. When the left-hand side of the formula is a vector of proportions, the argument `weight` must be used to indicate the denominators of the proportions.
`response`	An optional argument: either a matrix of the form `cbind(y, n-y)`, where the modelled probability is `y/n`, or a vector of proportions to be modelled (`y/n`).
`weights`	An optional argument used when the left-hand side of `formula` or `response` is a vector of proportions: `weight` is the denominator of the proportions.
`group`	An optional argument only used when `response` is used. In this case, this argument is a factor indicating a grouping variable.
`data`	A data frame containing the response (`n` and `y`) and the grouping variable.
`pooled`	Logical indicating if a pooled design effect is estimated over the $I$ groups.
`deff`	A numerical vector of $I$ design effects.

Details

The method is based on the concepts of design effect and effective sample size.

The design effect in each group $i$ is estimated by $deff_i = vratio_i / vbin_i$ , where $vratio_i$ is the variance of the ratio estimate of the probability in group $i$ (Cochran, 1999, p. 32 and p. 66) and $vbin_i$ is the standard binomial variance. A pooled design effect (i.e., over the $I$ groups) is estimated if argument pooled = TRUE (see Rao and Scott, 1993, Eq. 6). Fixed design effects can be specified with the argument deff.
The $deff_i$ are used to compute the effective sample sizes $nadj_i = n_i / deff_i$ , the effective numbers of successes $yadj_i = y_i / deff_i$ in each group $i$ , and the overall effective proportion $padj = \sum_{i} yadj_i / \sum_{i} deff_i$ . The test statistic is obtained by substituting these quantities in the usual $\chi^2$ statistic, yielding:

$X^2 = \sum_{i}\frac{(yadj_i - nadj_i * padj)^2}{nadj_i * padj * (1 - padj)}$

which is compared to a $\chi^2$ distribution with $I - 1$ degrees of freedom.

Value

An object of formal class “drs”: see drs-class for details. The slot tab provides the proportion of successes, the variances of the proportion and the design effect for each group.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Cochran, W.G., 1999, 2nd ed. Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Rao, J.N.K., Scott, A.J., 1992. A simple method for the analysis of clustered binary data. Biometrics 48, 577-585.

Examples

  data(rats)
  # deff by group
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats)
  raoscott(y/n ~ group, weights = n, data = rats)
  raoscott(response = cbind(y, n - y), group = group, data = rats)
  raoscott(response = y/n, weights = n, group = group, data = rats)
  # pooled deff
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, pooled = TRUE)
  # standard test
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, deff = c(1, 1))
  data(antibio)
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ treatment, data = antibio)
  data(rats)
  # deff by group
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats)
  raoscott(y/n ~ group, weights = n, data = rats)
  raoscott(response = cbind(y, n - y), group = group, data = rats)
  raoscott(response = y/n, weights = n, group = group, data = rats)
  # pooled deff
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, pooled = TRUE)
  # standard test
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ group, data = rats, deff = c(1, 1))
  data(antibio)
  raoscott(cbind(y, n - y) ~ treatment, data = antibio)

Rats Diet Experiment

Description

“Weil (1970) in Table 1 gives the results from an experiment comprising two treatments. One group of 16 pregnant female rats was fed a control diet during pregnancy and lactation, the diet of a second group of 16 pregnant females was treated with a chemical. For each litter the number $n$ of pups alive at 4 days and the number $x$ of pups that survived the 21 day lactation period were recorded.” (Williams, 1975, p. 951).

Usage

data(rats)data(rats)

Format

A data frame with 32 observations on the following 3 variables.

group: A factor with levels CTRL and TREAT
n: A numeric vector: the number of pups alive at 4 days.
y: A numeric vector: the number of pups that survived the 21 day lactation.

Source

Williams, D.A., 1975. The analysis of binary responses from toxicological experiments involving reproduction and teratogenicity. Biometrics 31, 949-952.

References

Weil, C.S., 1970. Selection of the valid number of sampling units and a consideration of their combination in toxicological studies involving reproduction, teratogenesis or carcinogenesis. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 8, 177-182.

Residuals for Maximum-Likelihood and Quasi-Likelihood Models

Description

Residuals of models fitted with functions betabin and negbin (formal class “glimML”), or quasibin and quasipois (formal class “glimQL”).

Usage

  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
residuals(object, type = c("pearson", "response"), ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimQL'
residuals(object, type = c("pearson", "response"), ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimML'
residuals(object, type = c("pearson", "response"), ...)
  ## S4 method for signature 'glimQL'
residuals(object, type = c("pearson", "response"), ...)

Arguments

`object`	Fitted model of formal class “glimML” or “glimQL”.
`type`	Character string for the type of residual: “pearson” (default) or “response”.
`...`	Further arguments to be passed to the function, such as `na.action`.

Details

For models fitted with betabin or quasibin, Pearson's residuals are computed as:

$\frac{y - n * \hat{p}}{\sqrt{n * \hat{p} * (1 - \hat{p}) * (1 + (n - 1) * \hat{\phi})}}$

where $y$ and $n$ are respectively the numerator and the denominator of the response, $\hat{p}$ is the fitted probability and $\hat{\phi}$ is the fitted overdispersion parameter. When $n = 0$ , the residual is set to 0. Response residuals are computed as $y/n - \hat{p}$ .
For models fitted with negbin or quasipois, Pearson's residuals are computed as:

$\frac{y - \hat{y}}{\sqrt{\hat{y} + \hat{\phi} * \hat{y}^2}}$

where $y$ and $\hat{y}$ are the observed and fitted counts, respectively. Response residuals are computed as $y - \hat{y}$ .

Value

A numeric vector of residuals.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

Examples

  data(orob2)
  fm <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1,
                 link = "logit", data = orob2)
  #Pearson's chi-squared goodness-of-fit statistic
  sum(residuals(fm, type = "pearson")^2)
  data(orob2)
  fm <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1,
                 link = "logit", data = orob2)
  #Pearson's chi-squared goodness-of-fit statistic
  sum(residuals(fm, type = "pearson")^2)

Salmonella Reverse Mutagenicity Assay

Description

“Data for our third example were compiled by Margolin et al. (1981) from an Ames Salmonella reverse mutagenicity assay. Table 1 shows the number of revertant colonies observed on each of 3 replicate plates tested at each of 6 dose levels of quinoline.” (Breslow, 1984, Table 1).

Usage

data(salmonella)data(salmonella)

Format

A data frame with 18 observations on the following 2 variables.

dose: a numeric vector: the dose level of quinoline (microgram per plate).
y: a numeric vector: the number of revertant colonies of TA98 Salmonella.

Source

Breslow, N.E., 1984. Extra-Poisson variation in log-linear models. Applied Statistics 33(1), 38-44.

References

Margolin, B.H., Kaplan, N., Zeiger, E., 1981. Statistical analysis of the Ames Salmonella/microsome test. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 3779-3783.

Split Grouped Data Into Individual Data

Description

The function splits grouped data and optional covariates into individual data. Two types of grouped data are managed by splitbin:

Grouped data with weights;
Grouped data of form cbind(success, failure).

When weights, successes or failures involve non-integer numbers, these numbers are rounded before splitting.

Usage

  splitbin(formula, data, id = "idbin")
  splitbin(formula, data, id = "idbin")

Arguments

`formula`	A formula. The left-hand side represents grouped data. The right-hand side defines the covariates. See examples for syntax.
`data`	A data frame where all the variables described in `formula` are found.
`id`	An optional character string naming the identifier (= grouping factor). Default to “idbin”.

Value

A data frame built according to the formula and function used in the call.

Examples

# Grouped data with weights
mydata <- data.frame(
    success = c(0, 1, 0, 1),
    f1 = c("A", "A", "B", "B"),
    f2 = c("C", "D", "C", "D"),
    n = c(4, 2, 1, 3)
    )
mydata
splitbin(formula = n ~ f1, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = n ~ f1 + f2 + success , data = mydata)$tab

# Grouped data of form "cbind(success, failure)"
mydata <- data.frame(
    success = c(4, 1),
    failure = c(1, 2),
    f1 = c("A", "B"),
    f2 = c("C", "D")
    )
mydata$n <- mydata$success + mydata$failure
mydata
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, failure) ~ 1, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, failure) ~ f1 + f2, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, n - success) ~ f1 + f2, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, n - 0.5 * failure - success) ~ f1 + f2,
         data = mydata)$tab
# Grouped data with weights
mydata <- data.frame(
    success = c(0, 1, 0, 1),
    f1 = c("A", "A", "B", "B"),
    f2 = c("C", "D", "C", "D"),
    n = c(4, 2, 1, 3)
    )
mydata
splitbin(formula = n ~ f1, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = n ~ f1 + f2 + success , data = mydata)$tab

# Grouped data of form "cbind(success, failure)"
mydata <- data.frame(
    success = c(4, 1),
    failure = c(1, 2),
    f1 = c("A", "B"),
    f2 = c("C", "D")
    )
mydata$n <- mydata$success + mydata$failure
mydata
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, failure) ~ 1, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, failure) ~ f1 + f2, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, n - success) ~ f1 + f2, data = mydata)$tab
splitbin(formula = cbind(success, n - 0.5 * failure - success) ~ f1 + f2,
         data = mydata)$tab

Akaike Information Statistics

Description

Computes Akaike difference and Akaike weights from an object of formal class “aic”.

Usage

  ## S4 method for signature 'aic'
summary(object, which = c("AIC", "AICc"))
  ## S4 method for signature 'aic'
summary(object, which = c("AIC", "AICc"))

Arguments

`object`	An object of formal class “aic”.
`which`	A character string indicating which information criterion is selected to compute Akaike difference and Akaike weights: either “AIC” or “AICc”.

Methods

summary

The models are ordered according to AIC or AICc and 3 statistics are computed:

- the Akaike difference $\Delta$ : the change in AIC (or AICc) between successive (ordered) models,

- the Akaike weight $W$ : when $r$ models are compared, $W = e^{-0.5 * \Delta} / \sum_r{e^{-\frac{1}{2} * \Delta}}$ ,

- the cumulative Akaike weight $cum.W$ : the Akaike weights sum to 1 for the $r$ models which are compared.

References

Summary of Objects of Class "summary.glimML"

Description

Summary of a model of formal class “glimML” fitted by betabin or negbin.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("summary.glimML", ...) or, more commonly, via the summary or show method for objects of formal class “glimML”.

Slots

object: An object of formal class “glimML”.
Coef: A data frame containing the estimates, standard error, z and P values for the fixed-effect coefficients which were estimated by the fitting function.
FixedCoef: A data frame containing the values of the fixed-effect coefficients which were set to a fixed value.
Phi: A data frame containing the estimates, standard error, z and P values for the overdispersion coefficients which were estimated by the fitting function. Because the overdispersion coefficients are $> 0$ , P values correspond to unilateral tests.
FixedPhi: A data frame containing the values of the overdispersion coefficients which were set to a fixed value.

Methods

show: signature(object = "summary.glimML")
show: signature(object = "glimML")
summary: signature(object = "glimML")

Examples

  data(orob2)
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  # show objects of class "glimML"
  fm1
  # summary for objects of class "glimML"
  res <- summary(fm1)
  res@Coef
  # show objects of class "summary.glimML"
  res
  data(orob2)
  fm1 <- betabin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed, ~ 1, data = orob2)
  # show objects of class "glimML"
  fm1
  # summary for objects of class "glimML"
  res <- summary(fm1)
  res@Coef
  # show objects of class "summary.glimML"
  res

Mean, Variance and Confidence Interval of a Proportion

Description

This function computes the mean and variance of a proportion from clustered binomial data $(n, y)$ , using various methods. Confidence intervals are computed using a normal approximation, which might be inappropriate when the proportion is close to 0 or 1.

Usage

varbin(n, y, data, alpha = 0.05, R = 5000)varbin(n, y, data, alpha = 0.05, R = 5000)

Arguments

`n`	The denominator of the proportion.
`y`	The numerator of the proportion.
`data`	A data frame containing the data.
`alpha`	The significance level for the confidence intervals. Default to 0.05, providing 95% CI's.
`R`	The number of bootstrap replicates to compute the bootstrap mean and variance.

Details

Five methods are used for the estimations. Let us consider $N$ clusters of sizes $n_1, \ldots, n_N$ with observed responses (counts) $y_1, \ldots, y_N$ . We note $p_i = y_i / n_i$ the observed proportions $(i = 1, \ldots, N)$ . An underlying assumption is that the theoretical proportion is homogeneous across the clusters.

Binomial method: the proportion and its variance are estimated as $p = \frac{\sum_{i} y_i}{\sum_{i} n_i}$ and $\frac{p * (1 - p)}{\sum_{i} n_i - 1}$ , respectively.

Ratio method: the one-stage cluster sampling formula is used to estimate the variance of the ratio estimate (see Cochran, 1999, p. 32 and p. 66). The proportion is estimated as above ( $p$ ).

Arithmetic method: the proportion is estimated as $p_A = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i}\frac{y_i}{n_i}$ , with estimated variance $\frac{\sum_{i}(p_i - p_A)^2}{N * (N - 1)}$ .

Jackknife method: the proportion $p_J$ is the arithmetic mean of the pseudovalues $pv_i$ , with estimated variance $\frac{\sum_{i}(pv_i - p_J)^2}{N * (N - 1)}$ (Gladen, 1977, Paul, 1982).

Bootstrap method: $R$ samples of size $N$ are drawn with equal probability from the initial sample $(p_1, \ldots , p_N)$ (Efron and Tibshirani, 1993). The bootstrap estimate $p_B$ and its estimated variance are the arithmetic mean and the empirical variance (computed with denominator $R - 1$ ) of the $R$ binomial estimates, respectively.

Value

An object of formal class “varbin”, with 5 slots:

`CALL`	The call of the function.
`tab`	A 4-column data frame giving for each estimation method the mean, variance, upper and lower limits of the $(1 - \alpha)$ confidence interval.
`boot`	A numeric vector containing the R bootstrap replicates of the proportion. Might be used to compute other kinds of CI's for the proportion.
`alpha`	The significance level used to compute the $(1 - \alpha)$ confidence intervals.
`features`	A numeric vector with 3 components summarizing the main features of the data: `N` = number of clusters, `n` = number of subjects, `y` = number of cases.

The “show” method displays the slot tab described above, substituting the standard error to the variance.

Author(s)

Matthieu Lesnoff [email protected], Renaud Lancelot [email protected]

References

Cochran, W.G., 1999, 3th ed. Sampling techniques. Wiley, New York.
Efron, B., Tibshirani, R., 1993. An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, London.
Gladen, B., 1977. The use of the jackknife to estimate proportions from toxicological data in the presence of litter effects. JASA 74(366), 278-283.
Paul, S.R., 1982. Analysis of proportions of affected foetuses in teratological experiments. Biometrics 38, 361-370.

Examples

  data(rabbits)
  varbin(n, y, rabbits[rabbits$group == "M", ])
  by(rabbits,
     list(group = rabbits$group),
     function(x) varbin(n = n, y = y, data = x, R = 1000))
  data(rabbits)
  varbin(n, y, rabbits[rabbits$group == "M", ])
  by(rabbits,
     list(group = rabbits$group),
     function(x) varbin(n = n, y = y, data = x, R = 1000))

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "varbin"

Description

Representation of the output of function varbin used to estimate proportions and their variance under various distribution assumptions.

Objects from the Class

Objects can be created by calls of the form new("varbin", ...) or, more commonly, via the function varbin.

Slots

CALL: The call of the function.
tab: A data frame containing the estimates, their variance and the confidence limits.
pboot: A numeric vector containing the bootstrap replicates.
alpha: The $\alpha$ level to compute confidence intervals.
features: A named numeric vector summarizing the design.

Methods

varbin: signature(object = "varbin"): see varbin.

Methods for Function "vcov" in Package "aod"

Description

Extract the approximate var-cov matrix of estimated coefficients from fitted models.

Methods

ANY: Generic function: see vcov.
glimML: Extract the var-cov matrix of estimated coefficients for fitted models of formal class “glimML”.
glimQL: Extract the var-cov matrix of estimated coefficients for fitted models of formal class “glimQL”.
geese: Extract the var-cov matrix of estimated coefficients for fitted models of class “geese” (contributed package geepack).
geeglm: Extract the var-cov matrix of estimated coefficients for fitted objects of class “geeglm” (contributed package geepack).

Wald Test for Model Coefficients

Description

Computes a Wald $\chi^2$ test for 1 or more coefficients, given their variance-covariance matrix.

Usage

  wald.test(Sigma, b, Terms = NULL, L = NULL, H0 = NULL,  
            df = NULL, verbose = FALSE)
  ## S3 method for class 'wald.test'
print(x, digits = 2, ...)
  wald.test(Sigma, b, Terms = NULL, L = NULL, H0 = NULL,  
            df = NULL, verbose = FALSE)
  ## S3 method for class 'wald.test'
print(x, digits = 2, ...)

Arguments

`Sigma`	A var-cov matrix, usually extracted from one of the fitting functions (e.g., `lm`, `glm`, ...).
`b`	A vector of coefficients with var-cov matrix `Sigma`. These coefficients are usually extracted from one of the fitting functions available in R (e.g., `lm`, `glm`,...).
`Terms`	An optional integer vector specifying which coefficients should be jointly tested, using a Wald $\chi^2$ or $F$ test. Its elements correspond to the columns or rows of the var-cov matrix given in `Sigma`. Default is `NULL`.
`L`	An optional matrix conformable to `b`, such as its product with `b` i.e., `L %*% b` gives the linear combinations of the coefficients to be tested. Default is `NULL`.
`H0`	A numeric vector giving the null hypothesis for the test. It must be as long as `Terms` or must have the same number of columns as `L`. Default to 0 for all the coefficients to be tested.
`df`	A numeric vector giving the degrees of freedom to be used in an $F$ test, i.e. the degrees of freedom of the residuals of the model from which `b` and `Sigma` were fitted. Default to NULL, for no $F$ test. See the section Details for more information.
`verbose`	A logical scalar controlling the amount of output information. The default is `FALSE`, providing minimum output.
`x`	Object of class “wald.test”
`digits`	Number of decimal places for displaying test results. Default to 2.
`...`	Additional arguments to `print`.

Details

The key assumption is that the coefficients asymptotically follow a (multivariate) normal distribution with mean = model coefficients and variance = their var-cov matrix.
One (and only one) of Terms or L must be given. When L is given, it must have the same number of columns as the length of b, and the same number of rows as the number of linear combinations of coefficients. When df is given, the $\chi^2$ Wald statistic is divided by m = the number of linear combinations of coefficients to be tested (i.e., length(Terms) or nrow(L)). Under the null hypothesis H0, this new statistic follows an $F(m, df)$ distribution.

Value

An object of class wald.test, printed with print.wald.test.

References

Diggle, P.J., Liang, K.-Y., Zeger, S.L., 1994. Analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 253 p.
Draper, N.R., Smith, H., 1998. Applied Regression Analysis. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 706 p.

Examples

  data(orob2)
  fm <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root, data = orob2)
  # Wald test for the effect of root
  wald.test(b = coef(fm), Sigma = vcov(fm), Terms = 3:4)
  data(orob2)
  fm <- quasibin(cbind(y, n - y) ~ seed * root, data = orob2)
  # Wald test for the effect of root
  wald.test(b = coef(fm), Sigma = vcov(fm), Terms = 3:4)

Package 'aod'

Help Index

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "aic"

Description

Slots

Methods

Akaike Information Criteria

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Methods

References

See Also

Likelihood-Ratio Tests for Nested ML Models

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Warning

References

See Also

Examples

Antibiotics against Shipping Fever in Calves

Description

Usage

Format

References

Analysis of Overdispersed Data

Description

Details

Author(s)

Beta-Binomial Model for Proportions

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Author(s)

References

See Also

Examples

Methods for Function "coef" in Package "aod"

Description

Methods

Age, Period and Cohort Effects for Vital Rates

Description

Usage

Format

References

Methods for Function "deviance" in Package "aod"

Description

Methods

Methods for Function "df.residual" in Package "aod"

Description

Methods

Mortality of Djallonke Lambs in Senegal

Description

Usage

Format

References

Test of Proportion Homogeneity using Donner's Adjustment

Description

Usage

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Examples

Representation of Objects of Formal Class "drs"

Description

Objects from the Class

Slots

Methods

Methods for Function "fitted" in Package "aod"

Description

Methods